Effect of Lidocaine Gel and Cold Lidocaine Gel Applied to the Rectal Area on Pain in Patients Who Had Prostate Biopsy With Transrectal Ultrasound: Randomized Controlled Study

Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of malignancy in men. According to GLOBOCAN (Global cancer statistics) 2020 data, the age-standardized incidence rate of prostate cancer varies between 11.3-37.5 per hundred thousand in the world, depending on the development level of the countries, and it is seen to be 42.5 per hundred thousand in our country. It ranks second after lung cancer in terms of incidence in men in our country and in the world. Prostate cancer screening aims to reduce mortality and morbidity by detecting prostate cancer at an early stage. Digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate specific antigen (PSA) value, transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and biopsy are used to diagnose prostate cancer. Ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy has been used since 1981 and is one of the most important urological diagnostic methods. Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSG-PBx) is currently considered the gold standard method in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. In the TRUSG-guided biopsy procedure, after the patients are placed in the left lateral or lithotomy position, the needle-guided rectal probe is inserted into the anal canal with the help of lubricating gel, and the prostate tissue is monitored under USG guidance and a biopsy is taken. The procedure takes approximately 20 minutes, and approximately 15 minutes pass during the entry and exit of the probe into the rectal area. In recent years, the importance of pain control has increased due to prostate biopsy being performed on younger patients, biopsies being taken from more quadrants, and repeated prostate biopsies. Due to severe pain, the rate of tolerance of the procedure by the patient decreases, and this may lead to a decrease in the number of biopsy samples taken from the planned quadrant and a decrease in cancer detection rates. Therefore, ensuring pain control and increasing patient tolerance in TRUSG-PBx is extremely important. Many different methods are used to reduce pain and discomfort. In recent studies, local anesthesia is used in transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies; Methods such as periprostatic nerve block (PPSB), lidocaine injection, intrarectal lidocaine gel, transperineal periprostatic block (TPPB with gel combination), low-dose spinal anesthesia and intravenous (IV) sedation application have been used and results have been reported showing that these methods increase the pain tolerance in the patient. One of the most important obstacles to the biopsy process is anal area pain. The pain felt during the biopsy occurs for 2 reasons:

1. Pain felt when the biopsy needle penetrates the prostate capsule and enters the stroma.
2. Pain caused by stretching of the anal sphincter as the transrectal ultrasound probe enters the anus (passing the ultrasound probe through the anus, advancing it into the rectum, and manipulating it within the rectum).

For periprostatic nerve blockade before biopsy, penetration into the rectum with a rectal probe is required before anesthesia, and this first penetration is the main cause of the patients' complaints. Due to pain resulting from anal canal sensation during biopsy, intrarectal local anesthesia, which is highly absorbed through the rectal mucosa, is frequently used. Although the procedure is easy to perform and causes very low mortality, efforts to reduce the discomfort and pain that patients may feel lead to the development of new protocols for pre-procedure preparations and anesthesia and analgesia. Most patients who will undergo transrectal biopsy experience anxiety due to the possibility of the result being cancer, the psychological discomfort caused by the fact that the procedure will be performed rectally, and the procedure is painful for the patient. Nurses have an important and indispensable role in pain control and within the team. To reduce pain, nurses; They should inform patients about pain preventive approaches and pain control methods and give the message to patients that everything necessary has been done before painful procedures. Nurses should also apply non-pharmacological methods to reduce the consumption of analgesic drugs or increase their effect by providing adequate analgesia. The patient, whose anxiety decreases, will perceive the intensity and duration of pain as decreased as his sense of pain control will improve.

Non-pharmacological methods are used alone or together with pharmacological methods in order to reduce the use of analgesics and at the same time improve the quality of life of the patient by relieving the patient's pain as much as possible. Cold application also has an important place among non-pharmacological methods.

Cold application is effective in reducing pain, indirectly or directly. It indirectly reduces pain by eliminating edema, swelling and muscle spasm resulting from inflammation or trauma, and has a direct effect by changing the conduction properties of peripheral nerves. In this context, evidence-based studies should be examined and pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods that reduce pain should be used in patient care areas.