Clinical And Radiological Outcomes Of Corrective Exercises With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation In Children And Flexible Flatfeet: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- Cairo University
- Enrollment
- 66
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- Navicular height
Study Overview
Brief Summary
flexible flatfoot is a common foot misalignment in children. various treatment procedures are used to correct or to avoid future complain among adults and pediatric population.
Detailed Description
Ethics Statement This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt (no. P.T.REC/012/0016370) and strictly adhered to the criteria proclaimed in the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki code of ethics. Children's participation was commissioned by asking their legal guardian to sign a consent form prior to data collection.
Study design A prospective double-masked randomized controlled trial was carried out from September 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019 at the Out-patient Physical Therapy Clinic of Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University.
Sample size estimation Sample size calculation was performed prior to the study using G*POWER statistical software (version 3.1.9.2; Franz Faul, Universitat Kiel, Germany) [F tests- MANOVA. Estimates of means of SAI were calculated from a preliminary study included 10 children who were assigned to the two treatment groups (5 children for each). Repeated measures, within-between interaction, α=0.05, β=0.2, Pillai V = 0.1, and large effect size] and revealed that the appropriate sample size for this study was not less than 65 children. ¬then, 70 children were recruited to account for the possible dropout rates.
Randomization Seventy-two volunteer children who were recruited from governmental schools at Cairo and Giza Provinces. The online Graph Pad software was used to allocate study participants to either intervention group (corrective exercise and NMES) control group (corrective exercise and placebo NMES). All children/legal and examiners were unaware of group allocation.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Treatment
- Masking
- Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 7 Years to 12 Years (Child)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •The criteria for inclusion were
- •Di¬agnosed (by an orthopedist) with asymptomatic FFF,
- •Navicular height more than 9-millimeter (mm),
- •Grade III flatfoot grade (midfoot width exceeding forefoot width)
- •Normal body weight (BMI from 5th to 85th percentile),
- •Presented with no neuromuscular or osseous anomalies.
Exclusion Criteria
- •The authors excluded all children who had a history of
- •Symptomatic flatfeet
- •Congenital deformities of the lower extremities (e.g. genu valgum, femoral anteversion, leg length discrepancy, hypermobile joint)
- •Scar/irri¬tated skin at the electrode placement
- •Neurological/ neuromuscular disorders.
Arms & Interventions
control group
Corrective exercises The experimental and control groups performed a designed strengthening exercises included short-foot exercise, toes-spread-out exercise, toes-extension exercise and toe-curls for 60 minutes. Each exercise was performed for 30 repetitions holding each repetition for 5 seconds (about three minutes).
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation The control group received placebo NMES with no current stimulation. In another words, the current intensity was set at 0mA while standing on both feet for 30 minutes.
Intervention: Corrective exercises (Other)
intervention group
Corrective exercises The experimental and control groups performed a designed strengthening exercises included short-foot exercise, toes-spread-out exercise, toes-extension exercise and toe-curls for 60 minutes. Each exercise was performed for 30 repetitions holding each repetition for 5 seconds (about three minutes).
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
The experimental group received NMES aiming to reinforce the planter intrinsic foot muscles. High-voltage pulsed current was set at frequency of 85 Hz with 5 seconds contraction time and 12 seconds rest time while the ramp-up and ramp-down time were 0.3 and 0.7 respectively. The current intensity was adjusted based on the individual tolerance without reporting pain or discomfort while standing on both feet. The stimulation time lasted each session for 30 minutes.
Intervention: Corrective exercises (Other)
intervention group
Corrective exercises The experimental and control groups performed a designed strengthening exercises included short-foot exercise, toes-spread-out exercise, toes-extension exercise and toe-curls for 60 minutes. Each exercise was performed for 30 repetitions holding each repetition for 5 seconds (about three minutes).
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
The experimental group received NMES aiming to reinforce the planter intrinsic foot muscles. High-voltage pulsed current was set at frequency of 85 Hz with 5 seconds contraction time and 12 seconds rest time while the ramp-up and ramp-down time were 0.3 and 0.7 respectively. The current intensity was adjusted based on the individual tolerance without reporting pain or discomfort while standing on both feet. The stimulation time lasted each session for 30 minutes.
Intervention: Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Navicular height
Time Frame: period of the treatment was4 successive months
The navicular height was measured by the navicular drop test first described by Brody21 to evaluate the amount of foot pronation. Measurements of 6-9 mm are considered to be within the normal range. It represents the vertical extension between the most prominent point of the navicular and the supporting surface.
Radiographic indexes
Time Frame: period of the treatment was 4 successive months
Radiographic indexes were carried out through bilateral radiographs encompassing horizontal (antero-posterior) and sagittal (lateral) views obtained with the child in a relaxed bipedal weight-bearing erect standing.
Staheli's arch index
Time Frame: period of the treatment was 4 successive months
The footprint is one of the easy, cost effective, noninvasive and objective measures for assessing the SAI. A value of SAI \>1.15 indicates flatfeet.
Secondary Outcomes
No secondary outcomes reported
Investigators
Amira Mahmoud Abd-elmonem
principle investigator
Cairo University