Characterization of Neurocognitive Profiles in Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Epilepsy: a Transdiagnostic Approach

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a heterogeneous group of clinically significant conditions that emerge in early childhood, leading to mild to severe impairments in personal, social, and academic functioning, negatively impacting quality of life. Up to 10% of children are diagnosed with one or more NDDs. Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological comorbidities associated with NDDs.

Traditional categorical diagnoses have shaped scientific research under the assumption that each NDD category is characterized by specific neurocognitive and biological markers. However, current classification systems struggle to explain the symptomatic overlap observed among disorders traditionally considered distinct in their etiology. In fact, comorbidity among different NDDs is more common than the exception. For instance, learning disorders are present in 44% of children with ADHD and 65-85% of autistic children, while ADHD and autism have comorbidity rates ranging from 30% to 70%. Recent neuroimaging studies have also demonstrated that structural and functional neural patterns are shared across multiple NDDs, concluding that no disorder-specific biomarkers could be identified in large patient cohorts.

These clinical findings suggest adopting an alternative transdiagnostic approach, considering NDDs in terms of dimensions rather than categories. A deeper understanding of the shared neural, behavioral, and biological mechanisms among NDDs could scientifically validate the shift from a category-based to a dimensional approach, emphasizing individual neurocognitive variability and improving therapeutic efficacy.

Aligned with the transdiagnostic paradigm, this project aims to characterize the neuropsychological and neurophysiological profiles of certain NDDs (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, intellectual disability, language and learning disorders). The presence of common neurocognitive profiles across diagnostic categories will be investigated using high-density EEG in both resting-state conditions and during specific computerized cognitive tasks. Specifically, these tasks will assess the ability to flexibly adapt cognitive control (CC) to environmental demands. Cognitive control refers to the set of mental abilities required to regulate thoughts, emotions, and behavior based on external demands and internal motivational states. It includes processes such as inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning-executive functions that are essential for self-regulation and often impaired in many NDDs. Thus, investigating CC across different diagnostic groups is crucial for developing intervention protocols tailored to individual needs rather than categorical diagnoses.

A battery of tests and questionnaires, part of the routine neuropsychological assessment administered to all patients at the IRCCS E. Medea "La Nostra Famiglia" center, will be given to both patients and their families. Additionally, participants will complete a computerized behavioral task (Mario task) and a second computerized task while undergoing electroencephalogram (EEG) recording (Flanker task). Administering both tasks allows for understanding how predictive context modulates the ability to inhibit inappropriate actions (Mario task) and manage cognitive conflict in the presence of distractor stimuli (Flanker task). The details of the questionnaires and computerized tasks will be described in the "Experimental Protocol" section.