Implementation of a Stratified Model of Care for Low Back Pain Patients in Primary Care Settings

A before after study consisting of two sequential but independent cohorts of LBP patients, separated by a 3 months interval will be conducted in 6 primary care units in Portugal. In both cohorts participants will be recruited during a 7 months period.

Recruitment and data collection procedures will be identical for both cohorts. Participants will be eligible if they consult one of the participating General Practitioner practices (GA) due to non-specific Low Back Pain (LBP), with or without leg pain (The International Classification for Primary Care-2 diagnostic codes L03, L84, and L86), if they are aged between 18 and 65 years and able to read and speak the Portuguese language. They will be excluded if they have clinical signs of infection, tumor, osteoporosis, fracture, structural deformity, inflammatory disorder, radicular syndrome, or cauda equine syndrome, if they have severe depression or other psychiatric condition, if they are pregnant, or if they have undergone back surgery or conservative treatment in the prior 6 and 3 months, respectively.

Patients will be recruited by their GP, who will briefly explain the study and obtain consent to pass the contact details to a research assistant (RA). The RA will inform the patients about the study and ask them if they are willing to participate and to be contacted for follow-up questionnaires (by phone), and whether they give permission for their LBP medical records to be reviewed. Patients who decline referral will not be eligible for the study and will follow the usual clinical care.

On the initial screening with the RA, eligible LBP patients who consent to participate in the study will fill a questionnaire booklet containing socio-demographic and clinical questions, the Start Back Screening Tool, and patient reported outcomes concerning back-related disability (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire), pain intensity (Numeric Pain Rating Scale), and health related quality of life (EuroQuol, five dimensions, 3 levels). These outcomes will be reassessed at 2 and 6 months following the first medical consultation. A Global Perceived Effect Scale (GPES) to assess patient overall perception of improvement with treatment will be added in the follow-up reassessments.

In both cohorts no specific instruction will be given to GPs concerning their practice. They will be encouraged to assess and treat their patients as usually and make all the referrals they think are appropriate for their patients. At the end of each cohort the GPs medical records will be reviewed and data concerning the number of primary care consultations, prescribed medications, ordering of diagnostic tests, referrals to other professionals or services will be extracted.