Antenatal Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Testing to Prevent Adverse Neonatal Consequences

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Preterm Birth
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection
Gonorrhea
Neonatal Infection

Interventions: Other: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae screening using the GeneXpert

Brief Summary: To assess the effectiveness of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) testing and treatment during pregnancy to reduce adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes compared to the standard of care (treatment based on symptoms and signs).

Detailed Description: In this study investigators are conducting a two-arm, cluster randomized trial to assess the effectiveness of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) testing and treatment during pregnancy to reduce adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes compared to the standard of care (treatment based on symptoms and signs). Investigators will enroll 500 asymptomatic pregnant women in the testing and treatment clinics, and they will receive CT and NG testing and appropriate treatment at their first antenatal care visit and at a visit during their third trimester. An additional 250 asymptomatic pregnant women will be enrolled in the standard of care clinics, and they will receive syndromic management with additional support for partner notification. All participants will be tested for CT and NG at the first postnatal visit and those who test positive will be offered infant testing. Investigators will determine if antenatal testing and treatment reduces maternal infections at delivery, preterm birth, low birth weight, and neonatal CT/NG infection. This study will provide evidence to help evaluate the effects of testing on vertical transmission and clinically important pregnancy neonatal health outcomes, and to evaluate and understand biological correlates of transmission.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Age ≥ 15 years,
Currently pregnant,
Attending first ANC visit,
27 weeks gestation or less
Not currently experiencing CT/NG-related symptoms (determined by validated screening tool),
Not treated for CT/NG in the past 30 days,
Willingness to provide self-collected specimens for CT/NG testing (for the STI-testing group, this will take place at their first ANC visit, at another visit in their third trimester, and at postnatal care. For the standard of care group, samples will only be collected at postnatal care),
Willingness to return for a test of cure if CT/NG test is positive during antenatal care,
Will reside in Gaborone through the time of delivery and 1st postnatal visit,
Willingness to have neonates tested for CT/NG at their first postnatal visit,
Mentally competent to understand the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria

Not mentally competent to understand study procedures or give informed consent,
Individuals < 15 years,
Men,
Women who are not pregnant,
Pregnant women not attending their first antenatal visit,
Pregnant women at >27 weeks gestation
Pregnant women with current STI-related symptoms (will receive standard of care),
Treated for an STI in the past 30 days.

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Testing and treatment	Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae screening using the GeneXpert	Participants will receive CT and NG testing and treatment (if necessary) at their first antenatal care visit and a visit during their third trimester. Women will also receive support for partner notification. All women will receive postnatal testing and treatment. Those who test positive at the postnatal visit will be offered infant testing.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Women Diagnosed With C. Trachomatis and N. Gonorrhoeae Infection at Post-delivery	This outcome was assessed at the first postnatal care visit up to 12 weeks after delivery.	Results from GeneXpert PCR screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) infection among postpartum women up 12 weeks after birth outcome. We compare the proportion with CT and/or NG in both study arms

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Neonates Diagnosed With Chlamydia Trachomatis or Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Infection at Post-delivery.	This outcome will be assessed at the first postnatal care visit up to 12 weeks after delivery.	Infants of mothers who tested positive for Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection at the first postnatal care visit will be tested using the GeneXpert PCR. We will compare the number of infected neonates between two arms.