Effects of Different Running Surfaces on Lower-Limb Kinematics in Recreational Runners

Running is a widely practiced physical activity but repetitive exposure to different running surfaces may influence lower limb biomechanics and contribute to injury risk in recreational runners variations in surface stiffness can alter   joint kinematics impact loading and movement strategies at the hip knee and ankle during running understanding these biomechanical adaptation is essential for injury prevention performance optimization and clinical decision making this observational study aims to evaluate the effects of different running surfaces on lower limb kinematics in recreational runners a total of 28 recreational runners will be recruited using convenient sampling all participants will perform running trials on three different surfaces treadmill grass and concrete in a randomized order lower limb kinematic variables including hip knee and ankle joint angles along with spatiotemporal parameters will be recorded for each surface using video based motion analysis the collected data will be statistically analyzed to compare kinematic differences across the three running surfaces with in the same participants the findings of this study are expected to provide insight into surface specific biomechanical adaptations during running and may help inform training recommendations injury prevention strategies and rehabilitation protocols for recreational runners