Digital Scaffolding for Self-Regulation: How WhatsApp Reminders Potentiate MCII to Boost University Students' Sport Self-Efficacy Beliefs
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 22
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) Score
研究概览
简要总结
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a self-regulation strategy called Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) can improve university students' confidence in participating in tennis training. The study also examines whether adding WhatsApp reminder messages makes the strategy more effective.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does using MCII help students feel more confident about joining and continuing tennis training?
Do WhatsApp reminders increase the effect of MCII on sport self-efficacy?
Researchers compared two groups. One group used the MCII strategy alone, while the other group used MCII together with reminder messages sent through WhatsApp.
Participants were university students who were already enrolled in a tennis training program. Participants:
Completed a questionnaire about their self-efficacy before the study started
Took part in a four-week intervention during regular tennis training sessions
Completed MCII planning exercises before training sessions
Received WhatsApp reminders before sessions if assigned to the reminder group
Completed the same questionnaire again after the intervention
The study aims to better understand how simple digital reminders may support self-regulation and improve students' confidence to continue participating in sports.
详细描述
This study is grounded in self-regulation theory and investigates the effectiveness of a structured psychological strategy, Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII), in supporting self-efficacy related to university students' participation in tennis training. In addition, the study examines whether digitally delivered reminder prompts enhance the effectiveness of the MCII intervention compared with the standard MCII procedure alone.
The study used a two-arm randomized experimental design with pretest-posttest assessments. Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of two conditions: (1) MCII-only or (2) MCII combined with WhatsApp reminder prompts. Randomization was conducted using an SPSS-generated allocation sequence prepared by an independent researcher. Due to the behavioral nature of the intervention and the use of self-reported measures, blinding was not feasible.
The intervention was implemented over a four-week period within a structured university tennis training program. All participants received standardized instruction on the MCII strategy and completed structured MCII worksheets before training sessions. The worksheets guided participants through mental contrasting (identifying desired outcomes and possible obstacles) and implementation intentions (forming "if-then" action plans). Participants assigned to the digital reminder condition received structured WhatsApp prompts one day before scheduled sessions to support anticipatory self-regulation and preparation.
The primary aim of the study is to evaluate whether integrating low-cost digital reminders into a self-regulation intervention produces stronger improvements in self-efficacy compared with using MCII alone. The intervention was designed as a brief, low-intensity behavioral support strategy embedded within regular training activities rather than a standalone program. Data were collected at baseline and immediately after the intervention period using standardized self-report instruments, and analyses focused on within-group and between-group changes associated with intervention condition.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
盲法说明
No masking was applied due to the behavioral nature of the intervention and the use of self-reported outcome measures.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 31 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Registered member of a university tennis club
- •Actively enrolled in a structured tennis training program
- •Aged 18 years or older
- •Voluntarily agreed to participate and provided informed consent
- •Completed baseline assessment procedures
排除标准
- •Did not complete the intervention protocol
- •Missed posttest assessment
- •Failed to complete required study measures
- •Withdrew participation during the study period
研究组 & 干预措施
MCII
Participants completed Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) exercises before training sessions using a structured worksheet designed for tennis training.
干预措施: Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) (Behavioral)
MCII + Reminders
Participants completed the same MCII exercises as the comparison group and additionally received structured WhatsApp reminder messages before scheduled training sessions.
干预措施: MCII + WhatsApp Reminders (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) Score
时间窗: Baseline and immediately after the 4-week intervention
Self-efficacy was measured using the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), a 10-item self-report instrument assessing participants' perceived ability to cope with challenges and perform goal-directed behaviors. Scores were collected at baseline (pretest) and immediately after completion of the 4-week intervention period (posttest). Higher scores indicate greater perceived self-efficacy.
次要结局
未报告次要终点
研究者
Yalin Aygun
Associate Professor
Inonu University