Egg White Supplementation in High-Intensity Functional Training
- Conditions
- Dietary SupplementsExercise Training
- Interventions
- Dietary Supplement: Egg whiteDietary Supplement: Whey proteinDietary Supplement: Maltodextrin
- Registration Number
- NCT05396963
- Lead Sponsor
- Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki
- Brief Summary
High-intensity functional training (HIFT), a new version of high-intensity interval training, has gained interest in recent years. HIFT is based on the CrossFit training template and includes multijoint movement patterns via both endurance and strengthening exercises. Research has shown positive effects of HIFT on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscle performance of young individuals. The effectiveness of HIFT in higher ages and its protein requirements are less well documented. Protein requirements have been widely investigated in resistance training, where it has been found that protein supplementation may have additive beneficial effects on muscle strength and lean body mass. However, there is a research gap regarding the adaptations to HIFT when combined with protein supplementation.
Thus, the aim of this research is to compare the effects of egg white supplementation, whey protein supplementation (as a positive comparator), and maltodextrin (a carbohydrate as placebo) on body composition, physical performance, and plasma amino acid profile in young and middle-aged trained individuals of both sexes who perform HIFT. Participants will take all three supplements for 6 weeks each, with 2 weeks of washout (no supplementation) in between, in random and counterbalanced order. Researchers will not know the supplementation status of the participants. Participants will receive 0.6 g of protein or placebo per kg body weight daily on top of isoenergetic dietary plans to avoid differences in energy intake that might compromise the validity of the study. The dietary plans will be individualized and will provided 1.0 g protein/kg body weight/day. The HIFT protocol will include multimodal patterns of movement, combining endurance and strengthening exercises with the use of equipment such as Total Resistance eXercise (TRX), Bosu, kettlebells, and barbells.
Participants will undergo measurements of muscle strength, muscle endurance, aerobic capacity, and body composition at the beginning and end of the study, as well as during the two washout periods. Also, plasma amino acids, hematology, biochemistry, and hormones will be measured. Comparison of all these outcome measures between supplements will reveal whether protein supplementation is useful in HIFT.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 40
- Regular training (mixed endurance and resistance training 3 to 6 times a week, 50 min each session, for the past 4 months), as assessed by gym records or questionnaires
- Clearance from a pathologist or cardiologist to perform maximal exercise
- Mixed isoenergetic diet for the past 4 months
- Smoking (even one cigarette or nicotine-containing device over the past 6 months)
- Any injuries to the musculoskeletal system that could interfere with the execution of training
- Chronic disease
- Egg allergy
- Milk allergy
- Pregnancy, lactation, or planning a pregnancy within the duration of the study
- Regular use of prescription medicine or supplements that might affect muscle function or recovery over the past month
- Intermittent or religious fasting
- Any vegetarian, ketogenic or protein diet
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Egg white - Whey protein - Maltodextrin Whey protein Participants will receive egg white, whey protein, and maltodextrin in this order. Egg white - Whey protein - Maltodextrin Egg white Participants will receive egg white, whey protein, and maltodextrin in this order. Whey protein - Egg white - Maltodextrin Whey protein Participants will receive whey protein, egg white, and maltodextrin in this order. Whey protein - Egg white - Maltodextrin Maltodextrin Participants will receive whey protein, egg white, and maltodextrin in this order. Whey protein - Maltodextrin - Egg white Maltodextrin Participants will receive whey protein, maltodextrin, and egg white in this order. Maltodextrin - Whey protein - Egg white Egg white Participants will receive maltodextrin, whey protein, and egg white in this order. Egg white - Maltodextrin - Whey protein Whey protein Participants will receive egg white, maltodextrin, and whey protein in this order. Maltodextrin - Whey protein - Egg white Maltodextrin Participants will receive maltodextrin, whey protein, and egg white in this order. Egg white - Maltodextrin - Whey protein Egg white Participants will receive egg white, maltodextrin, and whey protein in this order. Egg white - Maltodextrin - Whey protein Maltodextrin Participants will receive egg white, maltodextrin, and whey protein in this order. Maltodextrin - Egg white - Whey protein Egg white Participants will receive maltodextrin, egg white, and whey protein in this order. Maltodextrin - Egg white - Whey protein Whey protein Participants will receive maltodextrin, egg white, and whey protein in this order. Maltodextrin - Egg white - Whey protein Maltodextrin Participants will receive maltodextrin, egg white, and whey protein in this order. Egg white - Whey protein - Maltodextrin Maltodextrin Participants will receive egg white, whey protein, and maltodextrin in this order. Whey protein - Egg white - Maltodextrin Egg white Participants will receive whey protein, egg white, and maltodextrin in this order. Whey protein - Maltodextrin - Egg white Egg white Participants will receive whey protein, maltodextrin, and egg white in this order. Whey protein - Maltodextrin - Egg white Whey protein Participants will receive whey protein, maltodextrin, and egg white in this order. Maltodextrin - Whey protein - Egg white Whey protein Participants will receive maltodextrin, whey protein, and egg white in this order.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Lean and fat mass pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Lean and fat mass of the whole body and its parts (trunk, legs and arms) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry.
Lean and fat mass post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Lean and fat mass of the whole body and its parts (trunk, legs and arms) will be assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry.
Muscle endurance pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Muscle endurance will be assessed by performing multiple sit-ups, knee flexions and knee extensions.
Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles will be assessed by measurement of one-repetition maximum.
Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors will be assessed in isokinetic dynamometer.
Plasma amino acid profile pre-supplementation Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation. Plasma amino acid profile (that is, the concentration of each individual amino acid) will be determined by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry.
Aerobic fitness pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Aerobic fitness will be assessed by measurement of maximal oxygen uptake through a maximal graded exercise test on treadmill.
Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Maximal dynamic strength of shoulder muscles will be assessed by measurement of one-repetition maximum.
Muscle endurance post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Muscle endurance will be assessed by performing multiple sit-ups, knee flexions and knee extensions.
Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Force-velocity relationship of knee flexors and extensors will be assessed in isokinetic dynamometer.
Plasma amino acid profile post-supplementation Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. Plasma amino acid profile (that is, the concentration of each individual amino acid) will be determined by liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry.
Aerobic fitness post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Aerobic fitness will be assessed by measurement of maximal oxygen uptake through a maximal graded exercise test on treadmill.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Plasma enzymes post-supplementation Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. Creatine kinase and γ-glutamyltransferase (both in U/L) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer.
Biochemical analyses post-supplementation Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. Plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, urea, and creatinine (all in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer.
Internal load of exercise pre-supplementation Within the first week of supplementation. Internal load of exercise will be assessed by telemetric heart rate sensors and software
Internal load of exercise post-supplementation Within the last week of supplementation (week 6). Internal load of exercise will be assessed by telemetric heart rate sensors and software
Hormonal analyses pre-supplementation Within 4 days before the end of supplementation. Plasma cortisol and testosterone (both in μg/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer.
Full blood count pre-supplementation Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation Full blood count will be performed by flow cytometry
Hormonal analyses post-supplementation Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. Plasma cortisol and testosterone (both in μg/dL) will be measured by immunoluminescence in an automated analyzer.
Resting metabolic rate pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Resting metabolic rate will be assessed with indirect calorimetry through the measurement of oxygen consumption with a metabolic analyzer.
Full blood count post-supplementation Within 4 days after the end of supplementation. Full blood count will be performed by flow cytometry
Maximal grip strength pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation Maximal grip strength will be assessed by a hand dynamometer
Maximal grip strength post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Maximal grip strength will be assessed by a hand dynamometer
Biochemical analyses pre-supplementation Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation. Plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, urea, and creatinine (all in mg/dL) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer.
Resting metabolic rate post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Resting metabolic rate will be assessed with indirect calorimetry through the measurement of oxygen consumption with a metabolic analyzer.
Plasma enzymes pre-supplementation Within 4 days before the beginning of supplementation. Creatine kinase and γ-glutamyltransferase (both in U/L) will be measured by chemiluminescence in an automated analyzer
Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles pre-supplementation Within 2 weeks before the beginning of supplementation. Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles will be assessed by a linear encoder.
Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles post-supplementation Within 2 weeks after the end of supplementation. Force-velocity relationship of shoulder muscles will be assessed by a linear encoder.
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance
🇬🇷Thessaloniki, Greece