Comparative Effects of Mulligan Mobilization With Movement and Conventional Physiotherapy on Ankle Range of Motion, Mobility, Pain, and Quality of Life in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by impaired insulin secretion and reduced insulin sensitivity resulting in chronic hyperglycemia. Pakistan ranks among the top ten countries globally for diabetes prevalence, with an estimated 7.5 million affected adults and no national diabetes management strategy. Chronic hyperglycemia drives collagen glycation and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products, causing tendon and joint-capsule stiffness, structural changes in the Achilles tendon and plantar fascia, and loss of ankle dorsiflexion; peripheral neuropathy further impairs proprioception and reinforces ankle hypomobility. Physiotherapy management, by improving available range of motion and normalizing foot and ankle biomechanics during gait, is a proposed conservative approach to these impairments. Mulligan's Mobilization with Movement (MWM) is an interactive manual therapy technique in which a sustained posterior talar glide is applied during active weight-bearing dorsiflexion, correcting talar positional faults and improving dorsiflexion range of motion. Rao and colleagues found that individuals with diabetes mellitus show markedly reduced ankle dorsiflexion compared with non-diabetic controls (peak dorsiflexion of 5.1° versus 11.5°, a roughly 41% reduction, p<0.001) along with greater passive ankle stiffness, supporting the use of a dorsiflexion cutoff to identify patients most likely to benefit from targeted intervention.

Existing literature supports MWM's benefit in non-diabetic ankle conditions (e.g., acute/subacute lateral ankle sprain, chronic stroke) and supports multi-component foot/ankle exercise programs in diabetic populations, but no identified trial has directly compared MWM to conventional physiotherapy specifically in patients with T2DM-related ankle impairment, leaving a clear evidence gap that this trial addresses.

Problem Statement Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus commonly present with reduced ankle mobility, impaired balance, pain, and decreased quality of life due to diabetes-related musculoskeletal changes. Although conventional physiotherapy is routinely used, there is limited evidence comparing its effectiveness with Mulligan Mobilization with Movement in this population, and MWM's effectiveness in individuals with T2DM remains unclear.

Study Design and Methods This is a randomized controlled trial. Eligible participants are adults aged 50-70 years with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of more than 5 years' duration, both male and female, willing to provide informed consent, with pain rated 3-7 on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and ankle dorsiflexion range of motion ≤10° on goniometric assessment. Individuals with recent lower-limb surgery, fracture or dislocation (<6 months), active diabetic foot ulcer or Charcot foot, inflammatory joint disease, congenital foot deformity, or diagnosed diabetic peripheral neuropathy are excluded. A total of 56 participants, calculated using the OpenEpi Sample Size Calculator based on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion as the primary outcome, will be recruited via non-probability purposive sampling and randomized by coin-toss method into two groups of 28.

Both groups receive baseline treatment (hot pack to the ankle for 10-15 minutes and gentle active ankle movement within pain-free range). Group A then receives MWM: a sustained anteroposterior or posteroanterior glide to the distal tibia/fibula during active dorsiflexion or plantarflexion, 3 sets of 10 repetitions, each repetition held 3-5 seconds, with 30-60 seconds rest between sets, 30-40 minutes per session. Group B receives conventional physiotherapy: active and passive ankle range-of-motion exercises (dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, inversion, eversion), calf raises (10 reps × 3 sets), and calf/Achilles tendon stretching, 30-40 minutes per session, 10-15 repetitions × 2-3 sets. Both groups attend 3 sessions per week for 6 weeks.