The Effect of Post-Training Cold Compression in Professional Volleyball Players

Completed

• Conditions: Healthy Men

• Registration Number: NCT06701435
• Lead Sponsor: Kutahya Health Sciences University

Brief Summary

Our study examining the effects of post-training cold compression on muscle oxygen saturation (MOS9), fatigue and jumping performance in professional male volleyball players.

Detailed Description

Volleyball is an intermittent sport consisting of short and high-intensity phases where players jump and change direction suddenly. Intense muscle use during training, intense match schedules, short preparation phases and double trainings applied during the day can cause athletes to lose performance and increase injury rates. The performance of the athlete during the season depends on the amount and distribution of the training load and the appropriate recovery intervention applied during the season. Therefore, appropriate recovery interventions for athletes, shortening the recovery period and increasing its quality are very important. Recovery is a process in which the athlete's fatigue after intense training or matches is eliminated, lactic acid in the muscle and blood is removed, energy stores are restored to their previous level and myoglobin oxygenation is provided. One of the parameters used to examine the effects of muscle damage after exercise and to follow recovery is oxygen saturation. It is known that oxygen saturation in the muscle decreases during exercise and increases in the following recovery process. Different interventions are recommended to optimize the recovery of athletes during the season. Cold applications are the most frequently preferred method due to their practicality and accessibility after training as a recovery intervention. Although it has been reported that cold applications have positive effects on fatigue and general perceptual well-being, their effects on acute performance parameters are controversial. In recent years, the use of cold compression applications in the recovery process after training has become widespread in clinics and sports clubs due to the fact that they allow two types of application and are portable and practical. Cold compression devices aim to reduce tissue temperature, reduce pain, control inflammation and accelerate venous return by applying cold and compression simultaneously. This is achieved by continuous circulation of ice water using intermittent pneumatic compression. There are many studies in the literature on the effects of cold applications on performance parameters (no effect or negative effect) and fatigue (reducing muscle pain and fatigue effects). However, the effect of cold compression on recovery at different temperatures has not been determined. Determining the degree of cold applied and the response received, as well as better identifying recovery interventions applied in professional sports environments and developing cold application protocols applied during the post-training recovery process, and investigating the effects of cold compression on fatigue, performance parameters and recovery parameters will contribute significantly to the literature. Therefore, the aim of our study is to examine the effects of different degrees of cold compression applied to professional male volleyball players compared to passive rest on muscle oxygen saturation, fatigue level and performance.

Study Timeline

• Status Verified: 2023-10
• Study Start: 2023-10-20
• Primary Completion: 2024-05-20
• Study Completion: 2024-05-20
• Study First Submitted: 2024-11-20
• Study First Submitted QC: 2024-11-20
• Study First Posted: 2024-11-22
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-12-09
• Last Update Posted: 2024-12-12

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: Male
• Target Recruitment: 24

Inclusion Criteria

• Professional male volleyball player
• Performing 100-120 jumps in training (The number of jumps of the athletes in training was determined by Vert Classic (Model #JEM, Mayfonk Athletic, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA).
• Body Mass Index (BMI) below 30 kg/m2
• Voluntary participation in the study

Exclusion Criteria

• Smoking
• The presence of any neurological, rheumatologic or systemic disease
• Any injury or trauma to the quadriceps muscle and lower extremity in the last six months
• The athlete has exercised after training

Study & Design

• Study Type: OBSERVATIONAL
• Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Muscle Oxygen Saturation Measurement	Muscle oxygen saturation measurements were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of passive rest or cold compression and 24 hours later at follow-up.	Muscle oxygen saturation measurements of the athletes were performed with the MOXY device (Fortiori Design LLC., Minnesota, USA). The MOXY device sends 4 separate near infrared lights and works with a system that goes 12.5-25 mm deep into the skin and gives a numerical average of the amount of light reflected between the sensors. The infrared device, called near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), measures total hemoglobin, oxygen saturation in capillaries and myoglobin saturation in the muscle. The electrodes are self-adhesive. The device has been shown to be a valid and reliable method for measuring muscle oxygenation (r=0.842-0.993, ICC: r=0.773-0.992). In the athletes in our study, superficial electrodes were placed midline on the quadriceps femoris muscle on the dominant side. Before placement, the electrode sites were shaved and cleaned with alcohol. All measurements were made at the same point and taken in the long sitting position.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Fatigue Measurement	Fatigue measurements of the athletes were taken before and immediately after training. Subsequently, the measurement was repeated after 15 minutes of intervention and at follow-up after 24 hours.	The degree of fatigue perceived by the athletes after training was recorded with the Modified Borg Scale (BORG CR-10 Scale). The scale developed by Borg consists of definitions that come to certain numbers. The scale was introduced to the athletes verbally. Fatigue was graded between 0 and 10 (0: None, 10: Maximum). The Modified Borg Scale has been shown to be a valid and reliable method for the assessment of fatigue.
Performance Measurement	The jump heights of the athletes were automatically recorded with the Vert Coach in the training just before the application and in the second training 24 hours later and were included in the evaluation form.	Jump performance was evaluated with the Vert Coach (Mayfonk Athletic, Florida, USA). The device allows all athletes to measure and record jump height and number of jumps simultaneously during training or a match. It is frequently preferred due to its low cost and the fact that it does not require any extra measurement or effort for the performance evaluation of the athlete. The device measures 6×3×0.5 and has a motion-sensitive sensor on it. The sensor connected to the device is attached to the athlete's waist with an elastic belt. The sensor calculates the vertical displacement of each jump. The data is then transferred to a phone or tablet via bluetooth. The device has been shown to be a valid and reliable method of assessing vertical jump performance in volleyball players (r=0.75-0.97, ICC=0.97).

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Kutahya Health and Science University; 🇹🇷 Kütahya, Centre, Turkey