Results Of Repair Of Flexor Tendon In Zone II Using Minimal Incisions, A Case Series Study

Flexor tendon laceration in the hand is a common injury with unique characteristics owing to the anatomy of flexor tendons contained within a flexor sheath, requiring good surgical technique as well as strict rehabilitation protocol for regaining function.

The hand is divided into 5 zones (Verdan's). Zone II is described by Bunnel as "No Man's Land" historically back to the 14th century (an area outside London used for executions) because it was previously believed that primary repair should not be done in this zone. After understanding flexor tendon anatomy, biomechanics, and healing new techniques of surgery and anesthesia repair is possible with good results.

Lacerated tendons in zone II can retract proximally to the PIP if the vinculum longus is intact or into the palm if it is disrupted. It will not retract to the level of the wrist because of the origin of the lumbrical insertion into the extensor mechanism.

The laceration can be extended in a Brunner incision or a mid-lateral exposure but it is better skin incisions are minimal to minimize postoperative finger edema, potential adhesions, and injury of any delicate structures.

There are a lot of techniques to retrieve the proximal tendon end as milking, using a hemostat or second incision proximal to the A1 pulley where the tendon is tied to a looped wire of silastic tube and pulled distally through the laceration in the tendon sheath. But little studies discuss the effect of minimal incision on functional outcomes post-operative.