Control Systems Engineering for Counteracting Notification Fatigue: An Examination of Health Behavior Change.

N=50 English-speaking adults aged 21+ who are physically inactive (self-reported engagement in less than 60 minutes/week of moderate-intensity activity) and own a smartphone (iPhone or Android) will be recruited. Participants will be provided with and asked to wear a Fitbit Versa 3 and use the study app, JustWalk, for 270 days.

A system identification experiment, which is a single subject/N-of-1 experimental protocol used in control systems engineering, will be conducted. This study is designed to empirically optimize dynamical models that can be used within a future model-predictive controller-driven just-in-time adaptive intervention (JITAI). This system identification experiment will include two experimentally manipulated components: 1) notifications delivered up to 4 time per day designed to increase a person's steps within the next 3 hours via either increased awareness of the urge to walk or via bout planning; and 2) adaptive daily step goal suggestions. Both components will be experimentally manipulated using procedures appropriate for system identification. Specifically, notifications prompting planning of short walks within the next 3 hours will be experimentally provided or not across variations of need (i.e., whether daily step goals were previously met), opportunity (i.e., the next three hours is a time window when a person previously walked), and receptivity (i.e., person received fewer than 6 messages in the last 72 hours and walked after notifications were sent). This enables experimental manipulation of varying "just-in-time" states, thus providing valuable data for guiding future predictions about when, where, and for whom a bout notification would produce the desired effects compared to not. Thus, this is a hypothesis-driven approach to better understanding issues of notification fatigue by seeking to provide notifications only when said notifications are needed, when a person has the opportunity to act on them, and is receptive to receiving support. In addition, suggested daily step goals will also be varied systematically across time. A suggested step goal will vary between a person's median steps/day, calculated from the person's previous activity measured via Fitbit, up to 3,000 steps above their median reference. The goals will continue to get progressively more difficult if a person meets their suggested step goals. The system will stop increasing suggested step goals if a person achieves a median of 12,000 steps/day as their reference. During the study, participants will wear a Fitbit for the duration to measure PA and also fill out ecological momentary assessment surveys of psychological constructs hypothesized to be key variables for the targeted dynamical computational models.

After study completion, dynamical modeling analyses appropriate for system identification will be conducted for each participant (see references for more details on the types of analyses that will be conducted). The goal is to estimate and validate the dynamical computational models, with a particular benchmark used on the degree to which a dynamical model can predict, prospectively, each person's future steps/day and response to a particular bout notification. Results from this dynamical systems modeling will then enable the development of a multi-timescale model-predictive controller driven JITAI designed to provide support for increasing walking among healthy adults, which can then be tested in a future clinical trial.