Efficacy Trial of the CALM Intervention
- Conditions
- Anxiety Disorder of Childhood
- Interventions
- Behavioral: Child Anxiety Learning Modules (CALM)Behavioral: Child Anxiety Learning Modules--Relaxation (CALM-R)
- Registration Number
- NCT04693858
- Lead Sponsor
- UConn Health
- Brief Summary
Excessive anxiety among elementary students is highly prevalent and associated with impairment in academic, social, and behavioral functioning. The primary aim of this project is to evaluate the initial efficacy of a brief nurse-delivered intervention (CALM: Child Anxiety Learning Modules), relative to a credible comparison (CALM-R, relaxation skills only) and a waitlist control for reducing anxiety symptoms and improving education outcomes at post intervention and at a 1-year follow-up. In addition, the research team will assess the cost effectiveness of CALM versus CALM-R and the waitlist control and examine potential predictors, moderators, and mediators of CALM's impact on child outcomes based on the proposed theory of change.
- Detailed Description
Excessive anxiety among elementary age students is common, severely impairs academic, social, and behavioral functioning, and is associated with significant educational and health care costs. Despite the high burden of anxiety, less than half of children with anxiety receive the services they need to succeed in school. School clinicians can and do support these youth, however, their caseloads are high and their time to provide individualized services is limited. Consequently, there is a critical need to expand the network of providers who can assist students with anxiety and address this malleable obstacle to student academic success. Because somatic complaints, such as headaches and stomach aches, are a hallmark feature of excessive anxiety, school nurses are often the first school-based personnel to identify problematic anxiety in students. However, school nurses currently lack training in evidenced-based anxiety reduction interventions. The current study leverages findings from a three-year IES Development award (R305A140694), through which our team developed and assessed the feasibility of training elementary school nurses to use a brief intervention to reduce student anxiety; it was demonstrated that the training and intervention (i.e., Child Anxiety Learning Modules; CALM) was indeed feasible to implement and resulted in positive changes in student outcomes. CALM is now a fully developed intervention with ready-to-use intervention components and materials, training and coaching procedures, and is ready for an initial efficacy evaluation in authentic school settings. Toward that end, the primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of CALM in a fully powered randomized controlled trial. CALM will be delivered by elementary school nurses in rural, suburban, and urban elementary schools nationwide to enhance the generalizability of findings across socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, and neighborhood settings (as approximately 80% of schools in the US have a school nurse). The efficacy of CALM will be tested using gold standard methods (e.g., independent evaluators to assess primary outcomes). The study's primary aim is to evaluate the efficacy of CALM, compared to a credible comparison condition (CALM-R; a school nurse delivered relaxation skills only intervention that parallels CALM in time and format) as well as a waitlist control, for reducing anxiety symptoms and improving educational outcomes at post-intervention and a one year follow-up. The secondary aim is to examine the cost effectiveness of CALM relative to CALM-R and the waitlist control. An exploratory aim is to examine potential predictors, moderators, and mediators of student outcomes based on the proposed theory of change. If efficacious, CALM will be the first evidenced-based school nurse delivered intervention to assist youth with excessive anxiety, filling an important gap in current practices.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- RECRUITING
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 218
- Be between the ages of 5-12
- Have elevated anxiety symptoms as indicated by a) a total SCARED score of 15 or higher based on parent and/or child report using the full SCARED from the baseline evaluation, and/or b) a Clinician Severity Rating of 3 or higher on any anxiety diagnosis from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children DSM-V (ADIS)
- Be fluent in English in order to provide informed consent and assent for their participation and to complete the study measures.
- Children on a stable dose of pharmacological/psychotherapeutic treatment will be eligible as long as the dose has been stable for at least 4 weeks and no changes are considered for the duration of the intervention phase of the study (8 weeks)
Student
- Children who do not meet the inclusion criteria
Nurse Inclusion Criteria:
- Nurses must be a Registered Nurse (RN) or another similar medical professional
- Nurses must be work in the role of a school nurse
- Nurses must be fluent in English
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Child Anxiety Learning Modules (CALM) Child Anxiety Learning Modules (CALM) Children randomly assigned to this condition will receive the CALM intervention. Child Anxiety Learning Modules--Relaxation (CALM-R) Child Anxiety Learning Modules--Relaxation (CALM-R) Children randomly assigned to this condition will receive the CALM-R intervention.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Clinical Global Impression - Impairment (CGI-I) Scale, 12-month follow-up 12-month follow-up The CGI-I provides a global rating of improvement in anxiety, relative to baseline. The measure yields a single rating of clinical improvement during the past week, relative to the baseline rating. Scores range from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse).
Clinical Global Impression - Impairment (CGI-I) Scale, 8 weeks after baseline 8 weeks after baseline The CGI-I provides a global rating of improvement in anxiety, relative to baseline. The measure yields a single rating of clinical improvement during the past week, relative to the baseline rating. Scores range from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse).
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Children's Somatization Inventory (CSI-24) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The CSI-24 is a is 24-item child- and parent-report measure of the child's somatic symptoms. Parents and children respond to the items using a 5-point scale ranging from "not at all" to "a whole lot." One total score calculated by summing the items. Items are scored 0-4 (range: 0-96); higher scores reflect higher levels of subjective severity of somatic symptoms.
Student school records - attendance Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up Student records will be obtained from the school that will provide information regarding number of absences, tardiness, and early dismissals during the marking period closest to the dates of baseline, 8-weeks after baseline, and 12-month follow up
Student school records - disciplinary actions Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up Student records will be obtained from the school that will provide information regarding number of referrals for disciplinary action during the marking period closest to the dates of baseline, 8-weeks after baseline, and 12-month follow up
Student school records - grades Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up Student records will be obtained from the school that will provide information regarding English and math grades, as well as any grade retention during the marking period closest to the dates of baseline, 8-weeks after baseline, and 12-month follow up. Grades will be categorized into 4 categories: below expectations/not meeting expectations/needs more time (D); near expectations/exhibits progress towards meeting expectations/developing (C); meets expectations/consistently evident (B); exceeds expectations (A)
Clinical Global Impression - Severity (CGI-S) Scale Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The CGI-S provides a global rating of anxiety severity. The measure yields a single rating of anxiety symptom severity during the past week. Scores range from 1 (Normal; Not at all ill) to 7 (Extremely ill)
School Attendance and Discipline Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The School Attendance and Discipline form is an 8-item measure completed by parents that collects information regarding absences from school related to emotional/behavioral problems as well as disciplinary actions at school.
Student school records - special education Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up Student records will be obtained from the school that will provide information regarding if the student received special education services (i.e., 504 plan and/or IEP) during the marking period closest to the dates of baseline, 8-weeks after baseline, and 12-month follow up
Subtests from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests -Achievement and Cognitive Batteries (WJ IV) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up Subtests from the WJ-IV (i.e., reading, math fluency, and digits backwards) will be administered by the IE to measure cognitive factors (e.g., efficiency, speed, working memory) that are believed to be affected by anxiety. Standard scores will be derived for the Reading Sentences Fluency, Math Facts Fluency, and Numbers Reversed subtests. Standard scores reflect the following ability level: \<69=very low; 70-79=low; 80-89=low average; 90-110=average; 111-120=high average; 121-130=superior; \>131=very superior.
Academic Competence Evaluation Scale (ACES), short version Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The ACES is a 32-item teacher report measure that assesses classroom skills and behaviors. Each item is rated on a 5 point scale (1 = never, 5= almost always), with the option to indicate that the behavior is not observed (N/O). The measure is divided in 2 main scales: Academic Skills (14, score range 0-70), consisting of Reading/Language Arts (6 items, score range 0-30), Mathematics (4 items, score range 0-20), and Critical Thinking (4 items, score range 0-20); Academic Enablers (18 items, score range 0-90), consisting of Motivation (5 items, score range 0-25), Engagement (4 items, score range 0-20), Study Skills (4 items, score range 0-20), and Interpersonal Skills (5 items, score range 0-25). Higher scores reflect higher abilities.
Behavioral Avoidance Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The Behavioral Avoidance form is a 3-item measure assesses how frequently the student avoids specific anxiety provoking situations. The independent evaluator creates a list of the top 3 anxiety-provoking situations and estimates the frequency with which the child avoids those situations over a two week period prior to evaluation. Avoidance for each situation is measured on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (never avoid) to 7 (avoid every time).
Children's Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The CATS is a 40-item measure that assesses frequency of students' maladaptive thoughts associated with anxiety. Children respond to items using a 5-point Likert-type scale describing the frequency with which they have had various thoughts over the past week (not at all, sometimes, fairly often, often, all the time). Higher scores reflect greater frequency of negative self-statements. Three scores are derived from the CATS: one total score (20 items, score range 0-80) plus two subscale scores reflecting the content of self-statements: physical threat (10 items, score range 0-40), social threat (10 items, score range 0-40).
Children's Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The CGAS is a rating scale that indicates a child's global functioning on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 100 (highest). In general, scores below 70 are indicative of increasingly severe impairment in functioning.
Student Attendance Form Two weeks prior to the evaluations The student attendance form is completed by teachers to assess the child's recent (past two weeks) school attendance including number of full and partial days missed as well as the amount of extra time and attention spent on the child.
Teacher Observation of Classroom Adaptation-Checklist Concentration subscale (TOCA-C) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The TOCA-C concentration subscale is a 7-item subscale of the TOCA that assesses teachers' perceptions of a student's classroom concentration problems. Teachers rate student concentration on a 6-point Likert scale that ranges from "never (1)" to "almost always (6)." Only the Concentration Problems subscale is used in this study. This subscale includes 7 items (range = 7-42). Higher scores on indicate more maladaptive behaviors.
Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Teacher and Parent Versions Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The SDQ assesses a range of emotional and behavioral difficulties in children 4-17 years old (e.g., conduct problems, hyperactivity/ inattention, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behaviors). Nine scores can be derived from the SDQ. (1-5) Five subscales, each of which corresponds to 5 domains: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, prosocial problems. Subscale scores are summed. (6) The total score is generated by summing the scores from all the scales except the prosocial scale. (7-8) Externalizing scores (conduct and hyperactivity) and internalizing scores (emotional and peer problems) are also provided. (9) The impact score is a sum of questions reflecting distress and impairment. Subscale scores each range from 0-10. Externalizing and internalizing scores range from 0-20. The total score can range from 0 to 40. The impact score ranges from 0-6. Higher scores indicate higher levels of the behavior in question.
Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), parent and child versions Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The SCARED is a 41-item child- and parent-report measure of anxiety. Youth and parents respond to items using a 3-point Likert-type scale describing the degree to which statements are true (0 = not true or hardly ever true, 1 = somewhat true or sometimes true, 2 = very true or often true). Higher scores represent higher levels of anxiety. Six scores can be derived from the SCARED: one total score (41 items, score range 0-82) plus five subscale scores: panic/somatic (13 items, score range 0-26), generalized anxiety (9 items, score range 0-18), (3) separation anxiety (8 items, score range 0-16), social anxiety (7 items, score range 0-14), and school phobia (4 items, score range 0-8).
Child Anxiety Impact Scale (CAIS) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The CAIS is a 27-item child- and parent-report measure of anxiety-related interference in social, academic and family functioning. Children and parents respond to items using a 4-point Likert scale (not at all, just a little, pretty much, very much); higher scores represent greater interference of anxiety in child functioning. The CAIS-C has a total score (27 items, score range 0-81) and three subscales: school (10 items, score range 0-30), social (11 items, score range 0-33), and home/family (6 items, score range 0-18).
School Anxiety Scale - Teacher Report (SAS-TR) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The SAS is a 16-item teacher questionnaire that assesses anxiety in the school setting, with a specific focus on social and generalized anxiety symptoms relevant to classroom participation. Teachers rate student anxiety on a 4-point Likert scale that ranges from "never (0)" to "always (3)." The SAS-TR contains a total score (16 items, range of 0 to 48) and two subscales: social anxiety (7 items, range of 0-21) and generalized anxiety (9 items, range of 0 to 27). Higher scores represent higher levels of anxiety; scores of 8 and more on the social anxiety, 10 or more on the generalized anxiety, and 17 or more on the total anxiety is considered to represent high anxious condition.
Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-V, Parent and Child Versions (ADIS-V) Baseline, 8 weeks after baseline, 12-month follow-up The ADIS-V is a structured interview that assesses anxiety diagnoses and severity in youth. Impairment ratings are generated for each diagnosis using the Clinician Severity Rating (CSR, range = 0-8; higher CSRs indicate higher severity of anxiety disorders, a CSR of 4 is required to assign a diagnosis). Diagnoses are derived separately from the child and parent report, which yields a Composite Diagnosis that is one measure used to determine study eligibility.
Trial Locations
- Locations (2)
University of Connecticut School of Medicine
🇺🇸West Hartford, Connecticut, United States
Anxiety Treatment Center of Maryland
🇺🇸Columbia, Maryland, United States