The Use of Triamcinolone Injection in Treatment of Refractory Benign Esophageal Stricture in Children

Oesophageal stricture is a commonly encountered clinical problem, especially in gastroenterology. It occurs due to narrowing of oesophagus, which results in swallowing difficulty. Oesophageal stricture has two major types: benign and malignant. Malignant type results from carcinoma but benign type has different causes.

Amongst benign aetiologies, gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD), peptic injury, oesophageal webs, radiation damage, caustic swallowing and anastomotic strictures are most common. Corrosive intake is an important public health issue in developed countries and its incidence is still increasing in developing countries. The problem is largely unreported and its exact prevalence cannot be figured out due to the insufficient reporting or personal experience.

Corrosives materials can damage the bodies' tissues, as they come in contact with them. They are usually utilised to clean metals. It can cause severe health hazard, if swallowed accidentally or intentionally. Epidemiological studies have documented corrosive intake as the third most common cause of poisoning in adults.

The most common symptom of oesophageal stricture is progressive dysphagia to solids followed by inability to tolerate liquids. These strictures are diagnosed most commonly by using barium swallow, endoscopy and biopsy. Endoscopic dilatation is the most applicable method to treat oesophageal strictures, and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are also used to inhibit acid production.

According to the Kochman criteria, refractory or recurrent strictures are defined as an anatomic restriction because of a cicatricial luminal compromise or fibrosis resulting in clinical symptoms of dysphagia in the absence of endoscopic evidence of inflammation. This may occur as the result of either an inability to successfully remediate the anatomic problem to a diameter of at least 14 mm over five sessions at two-week intervals (refractory); or as a result of an inability to maintain a satisfactory luminal diameter for four weeks once the target diameter of 14 mm has been achieved (recurrent). This definition is not meant to include patients with an inflammatory stricture (which will not resolve until the inflammation subsides), or those with a satisfactory diameter but having dysphagia on the basis of neuromuscular dysfunction (for example those with dysphagia due to postoperative and/or postradiation therapy).