Utility of Pharmacogenomic Testing and Postoperative Dental Pain Outcomes

Phase 4

Terminated

Interventions: Other: Pharmacogenomic Testing
Drug: Ibuprofen
Drug: hydroxycontin/acetominophen
Drug: acetominophen
Drug: Oxycontin/acetominophen

Brief Summary: Opioid analgesics are the most common postoperative pain medications used among dentists in the United States.Although these medications are highly effective in the postoperative dental pain management, not all patients optimally benefit from this therapy. Many suffer adverse consequences such as nausea, emesis, and psychomotor impairment, and there is a high prevalence of opioid prescription misuse among substance abusers within the dental patient population.

The use of non-opioid analgesics including ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the management of postoperative dental pain has demonstrated equivalent or superior analgesic effects compared to opioid analgesic therapies, typically with significantly less adverse effects.However, despite these results, dentists have encountered a high variability in the success of non-opioid analgesic responses among the postoperative dental pain population.Thus, new strategies for earlier recognition of analgesic responses for pain medications is fundamental in the field of dentistry. Therefore, this study will evaluate the clinical utility of pharmacogenomic testing in acute postoperative dental pain management among healthy adults who undergo extraction of impacted mandibular third molar.

Detailed Description: To date, the use of pharmacogenomic methods in medicine has broadened our understanding of the important role of genes and different phenotypes/genotypes that make each individual unique in pain responses, including drug biotransformation, transportation, and drug-related side effects to name a few.Thus, recognizing the genetic profile of each individual prior to the prescription of pain medication for postoperative dental pain management will be essential to provide a more effective and safer pain therapy.Additionally, we suggest that 80% of the individuals in the general population exhibit a genetic profile that influence a normal pain response to non-opioid pain therapies. Hence we postulate that the integration of a pharmacogenomic testing to guide the prescription of ibuprofen and acetaminophen, not only, could lead to improved clinical postoperative dental pain outcomes, but also, significantly reduce opioid analgesics prescriptions by dentists.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Patients who are able to read, comprehend, and sign the consent form, and willing to stay in the study unit for up to 12 hours.
Patients who are reliable, cooperative, and of adequate intelligence to record the requested information on the questionnaire form(s).
Women of childbearing potential who are not pregnant, as assessed by a urine pregnancy quick test on the day of the procedure, prior to surgery. Women must be using a method of birth control deemed acceptable by the investigator and continue to use this method during the duration of dosing with study medication
Patient who develop sufficient levels of pain (rated at 50mm or more out of a 100 mm) on the DPIS within 6 hours post-surgical extraction.
Patients who agree not to take analgesics other than protocol-defined rescue analgesics during the post-operative treatment period of 6 hours.
- Patients who agree to refrain from alcohol and sedative consumption during the post-operative period of 6 hours.
Patients scheduled to undergo surgical removal of 3 or more impacted third molars, at least 1 of which must be a bony mandibular impaction. In addition, the sum of the dental impaction scores must be 9 or above, carried out by investigator.

Exclusion Criteria

Subjects with:

Known opioids and NSAIDs allergies (or induced asthmatic attacks)
Known history of opioid abuse
Recent history of gastrointestinal ulceration
History of aspirin intolerance/cross-sensitivity
Recent myocardial disease
Uncontrolled hypertension
Patients receiving anticoagulation therapy
Uncontrolled diabetes
Pregnant women
Immunosuppression
Recent history of opioid or NSAID therapies
Subjects who do not achieve a qualifying baseline pain threshold of 50mm out of 100mm on the visual analog DIPS within 6 hours of completion of surgery

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Standard of Care	Pharmacogenomic Testing	Individuals within this group will receive standard of care for postoperative dental pain secondary to extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(s)
Pharmacogenomic Group	acetominophen	Individuals within this group will receive pharmacogenomic testing guided prescription of pain medication for postoperative dental pain secondary to extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(s)
Pharmacogenomic Group	Pharmacogenomic Testing	Individuals within this group will receive pharmacogenomic testing guided prescription of pain medication for postoperative dental pain secondary to extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(s)
Pharmacogenomic Group	Oxycontin/acetominophen	Individuals within this group will receive pharmacogenomic testing guided prescription of pain medication for postoperative dental pain secondary to extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(s)
Pharmacogenomic Group	hydroxycontin/acetominophen	Individuals within this group will receive pharmacogenomic testing guided prescription of pain medication for postoperative dental pain secondary to extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(s)
Pharmacogenomic Group	Ibuprofen	Individuals within this group will receive pharmacogenomic testing guided prescription of pain medication for postoperative dental pain secondary to extraction of impacted mandibular third molar(s)

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Mean Pain Score	6 hours	To compare the pain control outcomes between a single-dose of pharmacogenomics- testing-driven-prescription of ibuprofen (400mg) or acetaminophen (650mg) with those of single-dose (standard of care) of combined formulation of hydrocodone and acetaminophen (5/650mg). A visual analog scale for dental pain will be used. Scale ranges from 0-100 with 100 worse pain.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants That Did Not Need Opioid Analgesic Prescriptions	6 hours	To determine the number of patients who did not require prescribed opioid analgesic'rescue' after pharmacogenomic-guided acute postoperative dental pain management versus those taking the non-guided combined formulation of hydrocodone and acetaminophen.