Comparative evaluation of tech-enhanced comfort in pediatric dentistry:the impact of photobiomodulation and sensory stimulation on pain and anxiety

This study will include 30 children aged 6–10 years attending their first dental visit at the Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry. After enrollment, each child will be introduced to the operator and assessed for cooperative behavior using the Frankl Behavior Rating Scale to determine eligibility. Baseline measurements will be recorded, including subjective anxiety (RMS-PS) objective anxiety (Facial Image Scale) oxygen saturation and pulse rate.

Participants will be randomly divided into two groups (n  15). Group I will receive Periorbital Eye Massager (PEM) therapy with natural sounds, while Group II will undergo Intranasal Photobiomodulation (IPBM). A crossover design will be implemented, where each group receives the alternate intervention during the second visit.

Pain experienced during local anesthesia will be assessed using the Faces Pain Scale – Revised (FPS-R). Additionally, cooperative behavior, pulse rate, and oxygen saturation will be monitored before and after each procedure. Children’s anxiety will also be assessed pre- and post-operatively using a validated, language-appropriate questionnaire to ensure accurate and culturally sensitive reporting. All the obtained data will be statistically analysed using paired t test.