AI-Powered Research

Subjects are included if the they have chronic non-traumatic neck pain or chronic neck pain due to a trauma (e.g. whiplash associated disorders). All of the subjects with neck pain have admission to join the therapy in the Spine & Joint Centre.
Only adults (both males and females) under 60 years of age will be included. Subjects should be physically able to undergo COR, VOR and OKR measurements (sitting in a chair for 30 min; biting on a bite-board; staying comfortabel in a dark room). Vision should be good enough to be able to trace a laser dot on a dark background without glasses. Likewise, they should be able of understanding and filling in the questionnaire and giving informed consent.
The subjects within the control group should have no complaints of the cervical spine at all. All subjects, except the ones selected for the traumatic group, should have no history of a car accident.

Exclusion Criteria

Subjects should not use medication that influences alertness or balance (e.g. benzodiazepines, barbiturates), they should not suffer from any neurological disorder and have no vestibular problems.
All subjects with a history of a neck trauma unlike due to a car accident are excluded.

Study & Design

Study Type: Observational non invasive

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The primary study parameter is the gain (ratio between eye and stimulus<br /><br>movement) of the cervico-ocular reflex (COR), the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)<br /><br>and the optokinetic reflex (OKR) in three different groups before and after an<br /><br>intervention. In addition, the relation to the age of the patient will be taken<br /><br>into account, because the gain of the COR increases with age. </p><br>

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The secondary study parameters are:<br /><br>1. Active cervical range of motion (CROM device), Joint position error after<br /><br>active rotation of the cervical spine (customized camera setup)<br /><br>2. Different questionnaires:<br /><br>• Neck Disability Index (Dutch version) (Vernon and Mior, 1991)<br /><br>• Short Form Health Survey (SF 36) (dutch) (Ware and Sherbourne, 1992)<br /><br>• EuroQol-instrument (Dutch Version) (EQ-5D)<br /><br>• Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)<br /><br>3. Stroop test, Trail making test (version A and B)<br /><br>4. Saccadic eye movements</p><br>