Measurement of Exertional Dyspnea in the Primary Care Setting in Patients With COPD, Phase 2: Sensitivity of the Step Test and Shuttle Walk to Detect Improvement in Dyspnea Following Bronchodilation in Patients With COPD

BACKGROUND: Cycle and/or treadmill exercise modalities may not adequately reflect the constraints of the physical activities of daily living and may not easily transfer to the primary care setting. Thus, alternatives need to be considered. The use of a continuous shuttle walk test at one or several specified constant walking paces for the assessment of exertional dyspnea has not yet been developed. Since walking is the basic movement for locomotion in everyday life, it seems appropriate to examine the use of a walking test. In addition to walking, one of the most frequent exercise constraints of everyday life lies in the fact of climbing stairs. The step testing methodology has however not specifically focused on the measurement of exertional dyspnea and has not been carried out in patients with COPD. There is a good rationale for the development of a step test for evaluation of exertional dyspnea and exercise tolerance in the primary care setting: (i) simple, inexpensive equipment that requires very little storage space, (ii) ability to externally dictate the work intensity by use of a timing device such as a metronome to regulate the stepping speed, (iii) exercise that is consistent with everyday activity known to be an important dyspnea stimulus (i.e. stair climbing, hill walking), (iv) use of large muscle groups which ensures that ventilation is increased to support the working muscles, with a resultant increase in dyspnea in patients with reduced ventilatory capacity.

GENERAL OBJECTIVE: The general purpose of this investigator-driven initiative is to develop simple exercise tests to assess the effects of pharmacological and rehabilitation interventions on exertional dyspnea in the primary care setting.

METHODS: The study will require five visits at the research centre. The first visit will include pulmonary function testing and an incremental shuttle walking test to characterize the functional capacity of the participants. Patients will also be familiarized to both exercise tests (stepping and walking). The goal of the familiarization will be to reduce the learning effect that typically occurs when an individual completes the same endurance test several times. During the following four visits, patients will complete a total of four exercise tests: two 3-min constant rate step tests and two 3-min constant rate shuttle walks. Each test will be preceded by the nebulization of either a placebo or 500 ug of ipratropium bromide (Atrovent). The placebo or medication will be administered 1 hour prior to the beginning of each test. The study will follow a crossover design, such that each patient will serve as his/her own control. The order of the endurance tests (stepping or walking) will be randomized. Finally, the medication (placebo or ipratropium) will be administered in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The exercise test will be supervised by someone who is unaware of the medication that was administered in order to maintain blinding of the study.

Data analysis: Responsiveness will be evaluated by the change in dyspnea Borg score at completion of the 3-min constant rate stepping test and the 3-min constant rate walking test between the placebo and ipratropium bromide exercises. Paired t tests will be used to evaluate the difference in end-exercise dyspnea between the ipratropium and the placebo conditions for the two forms of exercise. We will also calculate the Standardized Response Mean (SRM), e.g., the mean change in dyspnea Borg score divided by standard deviation (SD) of mean change. A SRM value of 0.5 or more suggests a large change. Bronchodilator-induced changes in E, O2, CO2, and heart rate will be compared between the 3-min constant rate stepping test and the 3-min constant rate walking test. Comparisons will be done using a repeated measure design (ANOVA). Significance level will be set at a p value of 0.05.