Naples Prognostic Score for Predicting Postoperative Delirium in the Elderly Undergoing Hip Fracture Surgeries

Delirium is a state of acute cerebral dysfunction that manifests as fluctuations in mental status. It is a common problem among all patients admitted to the hospital and has the potential to significantly alter patients' clinical outcomes. There are many risk factors that predispose patients to delirium including age, frailty, and preexisting comorbid conditions, as well as risk factors unique to the perioperative period, such as severity of concurrent illness, type of operation, and ICU admission after surgery (3). Postoperative delirium (POD) should be of paramount importance to providers, as multiple studies in perioperative patients have found significant associations between development of delirium within the first few days of surgery and increased length of stay, higher cost of care, increased hospital readmission rates, higher likelihood of discharge to institution, prolonged cognitive impairment and dementia, and increased mortality (4) (5) . POD occurs commonly but underdiagnosed, and is associated with worse patient outcomes.

Postoperative delirium known as a common and serious complication in elderly surgical patients, particularly after orthopedic surgeries, incidences ranging typically from 5%% up to 48%, with some reports citing rates as high as 70-80% in high-risk geriatric populations (12) . Recent literature showed a strong association between levels of nutritional parameters such as serum albumin (Alb) and lipids and an increased risk of POD (7).However, it is important to note that the prognostic power of a single marker of inflammation or nutritional index might be influenced by variations in physical conditions and the surrounding environment (8). Accordingly, the concept of using a compound indicator of nutrition state and inflammation, known as NPS, presented a novel idea for predicting POD Over the last few years, the NPS was widely used to evaluate the prognosis of cancer patients. Miyamoto et al. pointed out that the NPS was a valuable predictor for postoperative harmful outcomes in patients who underwent colorectal cancer ( CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) surgeries (9).

Because NPS combine inflammatory and nutritional indices, they may provide a more robust and easily measurable means of identifying patients at risk for POD. A preoperative tool based on these scores could enable early intervention, tailored perioperative care, and improved outcomes in this vulnerable population