Comparing Photon Counting Computed Tomography With Invasive Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Ultrasound in Detecting Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a major cause of graft failure and mortality in heart transplant recipients. Unlike traditional atherosclerosis, CAV is characterized by diffuse intimal hyperplasia and concentric narrowing of coronary arteries, affecting both epicardial vessels and the microvasculature. The cause is largely unknown, although it is believed that both immunologic and non-immunologic factors could be at play. CAV is frequently asymptomatic due to denervation of the transplanted heart, underscoring the importance of routine surveillance to enable early and accurate detection. Such monitoring is essential to optimize post-transplant outcomes.

Invasive coronary angiography (ICA) is the gold standard for diagnosing CAV, while intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) can be considered as the gold standard for the assessment of intimal thickening and plaque burden. Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) represents a novel, non-invasive imaging modality with superior spatial resolution and tissue contrast compared to conventional CT systems.

A systematic comparison of PCCT with ICA and IVUS for detecting CAV has not yet been performed. This study aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy, clinical relevance, and cost-effectiveness of PCCT in comparison to ICA and IVUS. By evaluating the advantages and limitations of non-invasive versus invasive modalities, the study seeks to define the optimal surveillance strategy for CAV, ultimately guiding the management of heart transplant recipients and improving long-term outcomes.