Effectiveness of Telerehabilitation in Balance Training Program Among Elderly at Risk of Falling, a Randomized Controlled Trial

• The investigators distribute invitation flyers for enrollment throughout Siriraj Hospital. Participants who comply with the eligibility criteria, can contact the researcher or outpatient clinic rehabilitation nurse to schedule an appointment.
• When a patient is willing to participate in the research, the researcher will provide the consent form for the participant to sign.
• After participants sign the informed consent, demographic data including age, sex, body weight, height, BMI, living status, educational status, functional status, gait aid use, underlying diseases, fall history, drug use, cognitive function and home environment. Baseline physical performance including Timed Up and Go test, five times chair stand, Single leg stance and gait speed are also recorded in case record form at outpatient clinic rehabilitation by an assessor who are blinded to group allocation.
• Participants are randomly assigned to telerehabilitation groups or control group with a simple randomization with a ratio of 1:1. Generate random sequence lists by an investigator who is not involved in data collection or administering interventions. The sequence generation lists are then concealed by using opaque-sealed envelopes.

Both the telerehabilitation and control groups will receive fall prevention education from a doctor after participation and checking during visiting at the outpatient clinic (the first visit, and then at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year).

• In addition, both groups will receive a fall prevention exercise brochure that includes instructions on how to perform the exercises, the recommended repetition and number of sets.
• The telerehabilitation group engages in two exercise sessions per week for a duration of 12 weeks at home. The session will be led by a physical therapist via two way communication telerehabilitation (LINE video call). The physical therapist will record each session participated.
• Each session starts with a 10 minute warm-up, followed by 40 minutes of strengthening and balance training and ending with 10 minutes cool-down. The exercise program consists of two levels. After completing the first level for a month, participants will progress to the second level.
• Level 1 involved various exercises included: strengthening exercise emphasizing standing hip abductors; standing hip extensors; standing knee extensor; heel rise and balance exercise including sit to stand; marching, triangle step, side way walks.
• Level 2 increase in intensity of training by use an elastic band on the lower extremities during strengthening exercises. Additionally, to enhance the difficulty of balance training, reducing hand support are perform during balance exercise. The investigators will be recruiting 1-3 participants for a group of telerehabilitation.
• All participants are advised to perform exercise for a total 3 days/week and record in the log book
• Participants are evaluated for balancing abilities using tests including: Timed Up and Go test, Five times chair stand, Single leg stance, Gait speed, Number of fall at 3 month, 6 month, 1 year.
• All of the tests are conducted sequentially at baseline, after 3 months, 6 months, 1 years by an assessor who are blinded to group allocation.