Impact of Malaria Infection in Pregnancy on Fetal and Newborn Growth - Child Follow-up Until 2 Years of Age, in Relation to the Fetal Growth

This is an existing on-going prospective birth cohort of children born to the pregnant women who had fetal growth assessed during pregnancy. In this cohort an expected 10% of pregnant women will be exposed to malaria while the remaining will be free of malaria. Their offspring are already followed up for growth monitoring from birth until 2 years of age with anthropometric measurements including weight, length, arm and head circumference at each scheduled visit. The investigator would like to enhance the sensitivity of the study outcomes with minimal risk for the child by proposing the following anthropometric and screening tests, nutrition questionnaire, and neurodevelopment assessment. In addition a prospective cohort of children born after study approval will be followed on both protocols. The additional measure include:

• Body fat composition (at birth, and monthly up to 4 months unless weight ≥ 8kg)
• Triceps and subscapular skinfold (at 1 and 2 years)
• Anemia, malaria and soil-transmitted helminths screening (every 3 months in first 12 months and 6-monthly 1-2 years)
• Buccal swab (at 1 and 2 years)
• Neurodevelopment (every 6 months)
• Food questionnaire (at 1 and 2 years)

Summary of results:

The beginning of the recruitment was delayed until the finalization and approval of the translated PIS/ICF; from then on, the recruitment was smooth. Overall, 201 children from the ongoing existing birth cohort were still present and eligible to participate in this part of the study; 173 completed 2 years of FUP 28 were lost. Data and samples from these 173 children were included in the analysis of a large, multi-center, study, the INTERBIO-21st.

The pooled findings show 1. Cognitive development, language, and visual skills at 2 years of age vary according to the trajectories of fetal cranial growth 2. There is a critical window period at 20-25 weeks gestational age when fetal cranial trajectories may diverge and when fetal abdominal circumference growth may accelerate or decelerate 3. Preterm newborn's growth and neurocognitive development vary according to their birth phenotype characteristics (i.e. those classified in the "birth infections" phenotype were at higher risk for poor scoring in fine and gross motor development compared to term newborns) 4. An indication of a greater increase in weight in proportion to height during the 2 first years of life if there was a faltering growth phenotype observed during gestation.