Whole Body Vibration for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can be defined as temporary cessation of breathing (often from 10-30 seconds) during sleep caused by a blockage of the airways. OSA is increasing in the United States and currently afflicts at least 18 to 25 million adults in the country. OSA is a chronic disease which increases the risk of hypertension, heart disease, Type 2 diabetes, stroke, and depression. OSA also has negative effects on the brain, such as significant reductions in white matter and gray matter, which are accompanied by impairments to cognition, mood, and daytime alertness. At this time, the most common and effective way to treat OSA is with the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).

Adequate CPAP usage (use of the CPAP mask/device for at least 4 hours/night for a minimum of 70% of the nights = 5 days/week) is associated with higher sleep quality, increased daytime alertness, improved mood, better memory, decreased blood pressure, greater cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction, and decreased dysrhythmias. Yet despite the significant benefits of CPAP, compliance (use of CPAP for at least 4 hours per night for at least 5 out of 7 nights/week) with CPAP continues to be low (17-54%). Terri Weaver Predictors of CPAP non-compliance are unclear, but most researchers and clinicians cite OSA patient dislike for the equipment (lots of tubing, sometimes noisy), mask discomfort, and inconvenience. Alternatives to CPAP, such as uvuloectomy and dental jaw devices, are either invasive or have less efficacy in some OSA subjects. One non-invasive method to treat OSA which has not been reported in the literature is whole body vibration (WBV).

Whole body vibration refers to any vibration of any frequency which is transferred to the human body. Theoretically, WBV creates eccentric muscle reaction and enables anaerobic activity and was initially designed as a form of resistance training. WBV has been used as a successful treatment for osteoporosis, stroke, leg muscle strength and balance in the elderly. However, it has never been utilized or suggested as a treatment for OSA. In a pilot study conducted by the investigators, they found that 30 minutes of WBV (using a commercially available device which costs $250), 3 times per week, for 6 weeks, dramatically decreased apnea-hypopnea index (AHI; a measure of sleep-disordered breathing) in persons with moderate to severe OSA without changes in weight or injury and that WBV treatment compliance was very good.

Yet why would WBV have any impact on OSA? According to the investigators' early studies, stimulation of the proprioception nerves (neural system which allows sensorimotor location of the limbs) stimulates the apneustic center of the lower pons (top of spinal cord), which in turn promotes respiratory inspiration. In the investigators' other studies, they have demonstrated that stimulation of the proprioception nerves during sleep stimulates breathing. However, one might ask if WBV is not being administered during sleep, but only while awake, why would this impact breathing during sleep? It appears that respiratory training while awake continues to have impact during sleep, as witnessed by the fact that such activities as opera singing, trumpet or didgeridoo instrument playing, have been used to successfully treat OSA. The investigators theorize that these activities (including WBV) entrain breathing and thus "condition" the apneustic center to improve airway dilation during sleep. Despite the promising preliminary data, the impact of WBV needs to be examined in a larger number of persons with OSA and the neural mechanisms of WBV on the apneustic regions of the lower pons remain to be explored.