Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center (LCCC) 1937: Immuno-Oncology Database and Bioregistry: Identifying Mechanisms of Autoimmune Diseases in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND

Tumors evolve to evade the body's anti-tumor immune response by targeting cancer cells and downregulating immune pathways. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) prevent this tumor evasion by driving the immune system into an "activated state", and upregulating the patient's immune system to destroy tumor cells. While enhancing the immune system disrupts tumor growth, in doing so oncologists risk "over activation" resulting in immune-mediated toxicity known as immune related adverse events (irAEs).

irAEs are an emerging disease entity, affecting many organ systems with diverse clinical presentations similar to known autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory arthritis, psoriasis, thyroiditis, inflammatory bowel disease, hepatitis, pneumonitis, and myocarditis. The most common presentations of irAEs are dermatologic (rashes), endocrine (hypo/hyper-active thyroid, hypophysitis, adrenal), and gastrointestinal (colitis). However, any organ system can be affected resulting in a wide array of irAEs.

Immunotherapy, especially ICIs, are being increasingly used in a wide variety of cancer therapy and have been found to effectively treat many different types of cancers. ICIs are monoclonal antibodies targeting cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathways. CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 are involved in deactivating T-cell and attenuating T-cell effector response, respectively. These are already being used to treat a wide range of cancers with several clinical trials currently underway examining response of additional cancer types to current ICIs as well as for developing new ICI treatments. The investigators anticipate that there will be additional immune checkpoint targets in the future given that some are already in clinical trials and the high interest in cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this project is to collect, curate, and store data and specimens for future studies presented in separate protocols. This patient registry will provide biological specimens for biomarker analysis, immunophenotyping, genetic and microbiome analysis to understand development of autoimmune conditions. Clinical data can be used for epidemiological studies as well as clinical, functional, psychosocial and economic outcomes research regarding impact of ICIs and irAEs on cancer patients. Moreover, this infrastructure can inform the development of clinical algorithms and help determine the effectiveness of medical interventions targeting cancer outcomes and irAEs.