Antiseptic Effects on the Dental Implant Internal Surface Microbiome

Clinical Background

Peri-implantitis/mucositis is bone loss/tissue inflammation around a dental implant. This is caused by bacterial biofilm at the interface between the implant and bone/tissue. The source of bacteria comes from the internal surface of the implant, and leaks through the implant/abutment interface. After the dental implant is placed in bone, bacteria from the saliva and blood within the internal surface of the implant leak out. The body reacts to this bacterial exposure with inflammation, resulting in bone loss around the implant/abutment interface.

Warfighters are exposed to situations in which the risk of dental trauma is elevated compared with the civilian population. This is particularly problematic for the military because poor dentition can disqualify Soldiers from service. Proper mastication is crucial to readiness. The number of implants inserted annually has risen by more than 10-fold since the 1980s. There are now over 700,000 implants inserted annually (Battle-Siatita et al., 2009). Unfortunately, implant-associated infections such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis are common, affecting approximately 63% and 19% of recipients, respectively (Atieh et al., 2013). Though, it should be noted that others have suggested the number could be as high as 80% (Podhorsky et al., 2016). Because these conditions negatively impact implant success rates, preventive measures aimed at reducing the risk of these diseases have tremendous potential to transform dental care and improve readiness.

Previous studies have found evidence suggesting that microbial profiles differ between healthy implants and those exhibiting peri-implantitis (Schwarz et al., 2018). For example, at least 19 species such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus are more abundant on affected implants (Schwarz et al., 2018). Thus, it may be important to not only control total bacterial load but also to ensure that any intervention produces a favorable change in the implant-associated microbial profile.

A recent systematic review determined that there is strong evidence to support the use of chlorhexidine rinses after implant surgery (Solderer et al., 2019). The positive effects of chlorhexidine rinses on implant success appear to be the result of the impact of chlorhexidine on reducing biofilm-related complications (Daubert & Weinstein, 2019; Solderer et al., 2019). While the effects of chlorhexidine rinses have been well described, there has been little investigation into the potential impact of disinfectants placed within the internal cavity of dental implants. A PubMed search for "dental implant internal disinfectant" returned only 15 articles in English. Of the articles considering the implant's internal cavity, 4 were in vitro studies (Besimo et al., 1999; Duarte et al., 2006; Podhorsky, Biscoping, et al., 2016; Podhorsky, Putzier, et al., 2016). All 4 studies strongly support the use of chlorhexidine gel in the internal cavity of implants. Another 4 studies, examined the ability of chlorhexidine gel placed within the dental implant internal cavity to affect total bacterial load between 3 and 6 months after surgery (Carinci et al., 2019; D'Ercole et al., 2009; Ghannad et al., 2015; Paolantonio et al., 2008). All 4 studies reported that intervention resulted in decreased bacterial load. Using PCR specific to only 6 bacterial taxa or using culturing methods, two of these manuscripts reported no change in microbial profiles (Ghannad et al., 2015; Paolantonio et al., 2008). However, one paper reported that the gel altered microbial profiles (D'Ercole et al., 2009). Given that the oral microbiome consists of hundreds of bacterial species, these previous studies have inadequately examined the impact of chlorhexidine gel on microbial profiles. Moreover, there have been no studies examining the use of alternative disinfectants. Another common disinfectant used intraorally is hydrogen peroxide. This disinfectant is used to treat periodontitis and for teeth whitening. We propose to analyze the effect of this second material on total bacterial load and the microbial profile within the internal aspect of the dental implant.