Trans-spinal Electrical Stimulation in Individuals With Spinocerebellar Ataxia: a Pragmatic Study

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) comprise a group of progressive degenerative diseases, currently lacking pharmacological treatments. These conditions produce gait and balance disorders, ultimately necessitating the use of assistive devices, culminating in wheelchair dependency upon the loss of ambulatory function during the clinical progression of SCA. This significantly impacts the individual's independence and quality of life. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that the application of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the cerebellum and spinal cord (trans-spinal stimulation) has led to improvements in upper limb coordination, gait ataxia severity, motor scores (including balance), cognitive abilities, and quality of life in individuals with degenerative ataxias, including SCA. However, it is not yet known whether all patients with SCA demonstrate significant improvement with this intervention. Moreover, if there is no improvement, it remains unclear whether specific characteristics of individuals with SCA, such as balance, gait, mobility, ataxia severity, DNA test results, and non-ataxic signs, can be identified to predict their response to tDCS sessions. Additionally, tDCS studies in individuals with SCA typically involve 5 to 10 stimulation sessions without associating stimulation with exercises of progressive difficulty. One of the main benefits of using tDCS is the plastic modulation of the nervous system. Therefore, the lack of challenges concomitant with the use of tDCS limits its results. Aim: The main goal of this pragmatic clinical trial is to investigate the effects of trans-spinal tDCS in individuals with SCA over some parameters of gait and postural control in real-world conditions, reflecting daily clinical practice. The specific aims of this study are: (i) Determine whether particular characteristics of individuals with SCA (including balance, gait, mobility, severity of ataxia, DNA test characteristics and non-ataxic signs) can be identified to predict their improvement in balance and gait following tDCS sessions; (ii) to investigate if an extended number of tDCS sessions, beyond the typical 5 to 10 sessions described in scientific literature, applied concomitantly with exercises with progressive challenges, to yield positive outcomes over some parameters of gait and postural control in individuals with SCA; (iii) To investigate, through semi-structured interviews, the subjective experience of the participants regarding the use of trans-spinal tDCS, about changes in health and quality of life, as well as the expectations that were achieved or frustrated with the intervention used; (iv) To investigate if there is retention of benefits a month after the end of the intervention; (v) propose a specific test to detect postural control deficits during head and limb movement; and (vi) analyze whether the specific characteristics evaluated in individuals correlate with each other.

Methods: This is a pragmatic clinical trial that will be carried out using the CONSORT-Pragmatic Trials. The present study will be carried out at the Deolindo Couto Institute of Neurology, at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ (Avenida Venceslau Brás, 95 - Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro - RJ). Individuals with spinocerebellar ataxia of any type, who are part of the records of public hospitals, doctors' offices, and physiotherapists, will be invited to participate in the study.

Initially, individuals will be interviewed to research the eligibility criteria, by filling out an anamnesis form, which will also contain questions about their demographic data. Those who are eligible and agree to participate must express their consent by signing an informed consent form.

Up to 45 patients with SCA of different types will undergo a non-invasive stimulation plus gait and postural control training. The total duration of sessions will last 30 minutes during which participants will simultaneously receive 20 min of trans-spinal tDCS and perform a gait training protocol with progressively greater difficulties, previously tested in patients with SCA. The trans-spinal tDCS will be applied at an intensity of 2mA, with the anodic electrode positioned over the cerebellar region and the cathodic electrode over the thoracic region of the spinal cord (approximately vertebra T11). The intervention will be applied over four consecutive weeks on weekdays except weekends, totaling 20 sessions.

All participants will receive real stimulation, so there will be no control group. Given that it may be difficult to recruit additional SCA individuals willing to participate in a control group or to find patients with similar characteristics who do not receive treatment during the study period, also due to the progressively debilitating condition of the participants (SCA) and given their socio-economic conditions that limit their transportation, it would be ethically questionable to deprive a group of patients of receiving a potentially beneficial treatment, especially when there is no established standard therapy or other effective treatment options available to them.