Cognitive Function and Mental Health in Children and Youth With Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Its Determinants

To assess intelligent quotient (IQ) as a cognitive function in children and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Age range: 4 to 90 years. Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices: Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) to measure general human intelligence and abstract reasoning and is regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence. The Raven's 2 is a nonverbal assessment of general cognitive ability, including the ability to formulate new concepts when faced with novel information, extract meaning out of confusion or ambiguity, and think clearly about complex situation and events. It comprises 60 multiple-choice questions, listed in order of increasing difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred to as general intelligence). It is a measure of verbal and nonverbal generalized cognitive ability.

To assess speed as a cognitive function in children and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Finger-Tapping Test Age Range: 9 years and above Procedure: The test uses an adapted electric finger-tapping instrument and monitor to record the number of taps. The participant taps a mounted key as rapidly as possible using the index finger of the dominant hand, followed by the non-dominant hand. Five consecutive 10-second trials are conducted for each hand. A 30-second break is given after the third trial to minimize fatigue. A practice trial is provided before the test begins. Scoring: The number of taps per 10-second trial is recorded separately for each hand. The mean number of taps across five trials is calculated for each hand. Material: Finger-tapping instrument and stopwatch Duration: 5 minutes

To assess attention as a cognitive function in children and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

d2 Test of Attention Age Range: 9-60 years Procedure: The d2 test assesses selective attention and concentration. It can be administered individually or in groups using a single test form. The form includes sections for subject data, test scores, and a practice sample. The standardized test consists of 14 lines, each with 47 characters (total: 658 items). Participants scan each line and cross out all "d's" with two dashes. Each line is timed for 20 seconds. Reliability \& Validity: The test demonstrates high reliability (r \> 0.90) across various indices (TN, TN-E, CP) and is supported by extensive research. Materials: 2 pencils (without erasers) and a stopwatch for the examiner. Duration: 10 minutes

To assess phonemic fluency as an executive function in children with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

FAS Test (Children: 5-15 years) - A phonemic fluency test measuring verbal fluency. Participants generate words beginning with F, A, and S (or Ka, Pa, Ma for non-English speakers) within one minute per letter. Proper nouns are excluded. Score: Total admissible words. Duration: \~5 minutes

To assess category fluency as an executive function in children with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Animal Names Test (Children: 5-15 years) - A category fluency test where participants list as many animal names as possible in one minute, excluding fish, birds, and snakes. Score: Total unique words. Duration: \~5 minutes

To assess phonemic fluency as an executive function in adolescents and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

COWA Test (Adults: 15-65 years) - A phonemic fluency test where participants generate words beginning with F, A, and S (or Ka, Pa, Ma). Proper nouns and repeated words with different suffixes are excluded. Score: Average new words over three trials. Duration: \~5 minutes

To assess category fluency as an executive function in adolescents and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Category Fluency: Animal Names Test (Adults: 15-65 years) - Same as the children's version, assessing category fluency. Score: Total unique words. Duration: \~5 minutes

To assess working memory as an executive function in children with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Digit \& Letter-Number (WISC) and Processing Speed: Coding \& Symbol Search (WISC) Age Range: 6-16 years Developed in 2003, this scale assesses intellectual ability. The Working Memory Index (WMI) includes Digit Span, Letter-Number Sequencing, and Arithmetic (supplemental). The Processing Speed Index (PSI) includes Coding, Symbol Search, and Cancellation (supplemental). Digit Span: The child repeats numbers in the same or reverse order. Letter-Number Sequencing: The child recalls numbers in ascending and letters in alphabetical order. Symbol Search: The child scans a group to identify target symbols within a time limit. Duration: 10 minutes

To assess working memory as an executive function in adolescents and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Working Memory \& Processing Speed (WAIS) Age Range: 16-90 years The WMI measures working memory, attention, concentration, and reasoning, while the PSI assesses the ability to scan, sequence, and process visual information quickly. Both indices involve cognitive decision-making beyond simple reaction time. Duration: 20 minutes

To assess Shift of set (Wisconsin card sorting test) as an executive function in children and youth with type 1

时间窗: 3 years

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST-64) Age Range: 6 years 5 months to 89 years The WCST-64 assesses abstract reasoning and executive functions, including cognitive flexibility, goal-directed behavior, planning, and impulse control. Unlike the full WCST, which uses 128 cards, the WCST-64 uses 64 cards. Participants match stimulus cards without explicit instructions, receiving feedback on correctness. The test generates psychometric scores on categories achieved, trials, errors, and perseverative errors. Materials: Four stimulus cards, 64 response cards, and a record form. Duration: 20-30 minutes The WCST has demonstrated reliability and validity across various populations, including individuals with autism, stroke survivors, pediatric groups, and psychiatric patients.

To assess Response inhibition as an executive function in children and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Stroop Test Age Range: Children (5-14 years), Adults (15+ years) The Stroop Test measures response inhibition, assessing the ability to suppress habitual responses in favor of unusual ones. It evaluates cognitive flexibility and prefrontal function. Participants are shown a sheet with color names ("Blue," "Green," "Red") printed in different ink colors. They first read the words column-wise as quickly as possible while the time is recorded. Next, they name the ink color instead of reading the word, with the time again recorded. Score: The Stroop effect score is calculated as: Stroop Effect Score = Time to name colors - Time to read words Uncorrected errors are recorded separately for both phases. Duration: \~20 minutes

To assess Verbal Learning and Memory as cognitive function in children and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Verbal Learning \& Memory: Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) Age Range: Children (5-15 years), Adults (16-65 years) The AVLT assesses verbal learning and memory using word lists. Adapted by WHO for different cultures, it includes Lists A \& B with 15 familiar words each, translated into Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Hindi. Words from List A are presented at a rate of one per second for five trials, with recall recorded after each trial. Then, List B is introduced as an interference task, followed by immediate recall of List A. After 20 minutes, delayed recall of List A is assessed without re-presentation. Finally, a recognition test is conducted by mixing List A words with new words, recording hits and errors. Words are presented in the participant's preferred language (mother tongue or English). Duration: 15 minutes

To assess Test of comprehension as cognitive function in children and youth with type 1 diabetes

时间窗: 3 years

Test of Comprehension: Token Test Age Range: Children (5-15 years), Adults (16-65 years) The Token Test assesses verbal comprehension using tokens that vary in color, size, and shape. Participants follow spoken instructions of increasing complexity. Squares and circles in two sizes and five colors are placed in a fixed arrangement. Instructions are given once per item, with up to two repetitions if needed. Scoring: One point is awarded for correct responses, with a 0.5-point deduction per repetition. A trial is failed if the participant does not follow instructions after two repetitions. The maximum score is 36. Duration: 20 minutes