The Effect of Retrobulbar Block on Bi-Hemispheric Cerebral Oxygen Saturation and Early Period Postoperative Cognitive Functions With Lidocaine and Levobupivacaine in Elderly Patients With Ophthalmic Surgery
试验速览
- 阶段
- 4 期
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 66
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Cerebral oxygen saturation changes (rSO2)
研究概览
简要总结
The investigators measured changes in cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) and MMSE scores after retrobulbar block performed with levobupivacaine and lidocaine in patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery.A total of 66 patients over the age of 60 undergoing vitreoretinal surgery with a total duration of less than 1 hour were included in this prospective, double-blinded study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: group L (5ml, 2% lidocaine) and group LB (5ml, 0.5% levobupivacaine). Bilateral rSO2 measurements were recorded before the retrobulbar block and at 1-5 minutes post-block, during the procedure, and at 10-40 minutes post-op. MMSE was performed preoperatively and postoperatively in order to evaluate short term cognitive function. Sensory and motor block durations, pain, akinesia and conjunctival feeling scores, patient-surgeon satisfaction, and complications were also recorded.
详细描述
A total of 66 patients undergoing vitreoretinal surgery (total duration < 60 minutes) using retrobulbar block, who were classified as category I-III according to the ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Classification system, who were over the age of 60, and who had no cognitive dysfunction were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were as follows: contraindication for retrobulbar block, preoperative systolic blood pressure of 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of above 100 mmHg, uncontrolled diabetes, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, MMSE ≤ 24, advanced organ failure, or Hb < 9gr/dl.The patients were randomly divided into two groups using a sealed-envelope method:
Group L: Patients undergoing block with lidocaine (n = 33) Group LB: Patients undergoing block with levobupivacaine (n = 33) The patients did not undergo premedication in order to accommodate the postoperative MMSE evaluation. For intra-operative sedation, remifentanil (UltivaR, GlaxoSmithKline, Berntford, UK) was initiated as an infusion at a dose range of 0.05-0.1 mcg/kg/min. The mean arterial pressure and heart rate values were allowed to vary up to 20% of the preoperative values of the patients. For this purpose, the remifentanil infusion rate was increased or decreased at the determined dose interval.
Retrobulbar block was performed with 5 ml of 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (AritmalR, Osel, Istanbul, Turkey) in Group L patients and 5ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine (ChirocaineR, Abbvie, Chicago, USA) in Group LB patients. The block was performed by the same practitioner (fourth year assistant of Ophthalmology Department) using inferotemporal approach as described by Sanderson using 27 gage disposable needles (Atkinson Retrobulbar NeedleR, Asico, USA).
Sensory and motor block onset and end times and akinesia score were recorded. The mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded in the preoperative period, at minutes 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 intra-operatively, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes postoperatively in the recovery room.
. The patients were transferred to the operating table for measurement of bilateral rSO2, and preoxygenation was performed for three minutes using 4 L/min 100% oxygen via nasal cannula. The basal oxygenation values were determined by taking the average of the last 30 s measurements. The rSO2 values were recorded at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30th, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 minutes after retrobulbar block, and at 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes after the completion of the procedure.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Supportive Care
- 盲法
- Single (Investigator)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 60 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Undergoing vitreoretinal surgery (total duration < 60 minutes)
- •The ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Classification I-III
- •Over the age of 60
- •The patiens who had no cognitive dysfunction
排除标准
- •Contraindication for retrobulbar block
- •Preoperative systolic blood pressure of 180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure of above 100 mmHg
- •Uncontrolled diabetes
- •Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2
- •MMSE ≤ 24
- •Advanced organ failure
- •Hb < 9gr/dl
研究组 & 干预措施
Group L
Patients undergoing block with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride
干预措施: 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (Drug)
Group LB
Patients undergoing block with 0.5% levobupivacaine
干预措施: 0.5% levobupivacaine (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
Cerebral oxygen saturation changes (rSO2)
时间窗: The rSO2 value changes were recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery
The NIRS device probes (INVOS-3100AR; Somanetics Inc., Troy, MI, USA) were placed at least 2 cm above the eyebrows and 3 cm away from the mid-line of the forehead, on right and left, in accordance with the instructions of manufacturer.The patient's forehead was cleaned with acetone alcohol before the sensor pads were glued, and wrapped with a bandage so that the sensors were not affected by ambient light. The patients were transferred to the operating table for measurement of bilateral rSO2, and preoxygenation was performed for three minutes using 4 L/min 100% oxygen via nasal cannula.
次要结局
- Cognitive function measurement(Cognitive functions were assessed from baseline up to 7 days after the surgery)
- Sensory block onset time by the conjunctival feeling score using the cotton contact test.(The sensory block onset time was recorded at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min)
- Sensory block end time by the conjunctival feeling score using the cotton contact test.(The sensory block end time was recorded at the end of surgery till the first 24 h)
- Motor block onset time by eye movements score.(The motor block onset time was recorded at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min)
- Patient satisfaction(Patient satisfaction was questioned 24 hours after surgery)
- The akinesia score measurement(The akinesia score was assessed at the beginning of surgery till the first 15 min.)
- The mean arterial pressure (MAP) measurement(The mean arterial pressure was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery)
- The heart rate (HR) measurement(The heart rate (HR) was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery)
- Surgeon satisfaction(Surgeon satisfaction was queried at the end of the surgery till the first 15 min.)
- Motor block end time by eye movements score.(The motor block end time was recorded at the end of surgery till the first 24 h)
- The oxygen saturation (SpO2) measurement(The oxygen saturation (SpO2) was recorded from baseline up to 40 minutes after surgery)
研究者
Cengiz KAYA
Associate Professor, MD
Ondokuz Mayıs University