Effects of Virtual Reality-Assisted Pain Neuroscience Education on Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 发起方
- 入组人数
- 51
- 试验地点
- 3
- 主要终点
- Severity of Pain
研究概览
简要总结
Chronic nonspecific low back pain is a multifactorial condition involving not only biomechanical but also psychological and neurocognitive components, in which factors such as kinesiophobia and pain catastrophizing contribute to pain persistence and disability. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) aims to reconceptualize pain, reduce fear-avoidance behaviors, and improve function, particularly when combined with exercise, although traditional educational methods may be limited in explaining abstract concepts. Virtual reality (VR) offers an interactive and engaging platform that may enhance the effectiveness of PNE by facilitating cognitive restructuring and increasing motivation, with evidence of short-term benefits on pain and kinesiophobia. Integrating VR-supported PNE with core stabilization exercises may simultaneously address biomechanical and cognitive processes, thereby providing a more comprehensive rehabilitation approach. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the effects of adding VR-supported pain education to core stabilization exercises on pain, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, functional status, and balance in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain.
详细描述
Chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP) is a complex condition that cannot be explained solely by biomechanical factors and also involves psychological and neurocognitive components. Kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, and maladaptive pain beliefs have been shown to play a significant role in the chronification of pain and the increase in disability. Therefore, the Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) approach, which focuses on the neurophysiology of pain, helps individuals reconceptualize pain, reduces fear-avoidance behaviors, and supports functional improvement. When applied in combination with exercise, PNE has been reported to provide additional benefits in reducing pain intensity, kinesiophobia, and catastrophizing. However, conventional educational methods may be limited in conveying abstract neurophysiological concepts.
At this point, virtual reality (VR) technology may enhance the effectiveness of pain education by providing an interactive and engaging learning environment. VR has been reported to facilitate cognitive restructuring in individuals with chronic pain and to increase motivation for participation. Moreover, VR-supported rehabilitation interventions have been shown to have short-term positive effects on pain and kinesiophobia in chronic pain conditions.
Core stabilization exercises are an effective method for improving postural control and functional stability in low back pain by regulating the activation of muscles surrounding the spine. However, purely physical approaches may be insufficient in adequately addressing the psychological dimensions of pain. Integrating VR-supported PNE into an exercise program may broaden the scope of rehabilitation by simultaneously influencing both biomechanical and cognitive processes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of adding VR-supported pain education to core stabilization exercises on pain, kinesiophobia, pain catastrophizing, functional status, and balance in individuals with CNSLBP. This holistic approach is expected to provide an innovative contribution to conventional exercise protocols and to shed light on the biopsychosocial management of chronic low back pain.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Single (Investigator)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 65 Years（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Be between the ages of 18 and 65
- •Have a diagnosis of nonspecific low back pain with a history of low back pain lasting at least 3 months
- •Have no specific pathologies that could cause low back pain (e.g., tumor, infection, fracture, inflammatory disease)
- •Be able to walk independently and have the capacity to exercise
- •Mini Mental State Examination score >23
排除标准
- •Individuals who have undergone lumbar surgery within the last year,
- •Individuals with central or peripheral neurological disorders (e.g., multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease),
- •Those with vestibular, visual, or balance disorders (those at risk of dizziness or nausea during virtual reality applications),
- •Those with serious cardiopulmonary or systemic diseases,
- •Those with psychiatric disorders or a diagnosis of severe depression, those who are pregnant
- •Individuals with a history of dizziness, epilepsy, or visual disturbances associated with virtual reality use
研究组 & 干预措施
Core Stabilization + Classic Pain Neuroscience Education
Individuals in this group will undergo classical pain education (based on visual presentation or face-to-face instruction) along with core stabilization exercises targeting the muscles surrounding the spine. The exercises will be organized according to protocols reported in the literature as safe and effective and will include the following elements:
- Exercises that activate the transversus abdominis and multifidus muscles (e.g., abdominal bracing, bird-dog, plank, side bridge)
- Posture and spinal control exercises
- Stretching and mobilization movements (lumbar flexion/extension, hip flexor stretches)
- Each exercise will be performed in 2-3 sets of 10-15 repetitions, with the load increased according to participant tolerance.
During the application process, participants will be provided with classic educational materials (e.g., verbal explanations or informative brochures) about the physiological basis of pain, movement safety, and exercise-related pain management. Thi
干预措施: Core Stabilization Exercises (Other)
Core Stabilization + Classic Pain Neuroscience Education
Individuals in this group will undergo classical pain education (based on visual presentation or face-to-face instruction) along with core stabilization exercises targeting the muscles surrounding the spine. The exercises will be organized according to protocols reported in the literature as safe and effective and will include the following elements:
- Exercises that activate the transversus abdominis and multifidus muscles (e.g., abdominal bracing, bird-dog, plank, side bridge)
- Posture and spinal control exercises
- Stretching and mobilization movements (lumbar flexion/extension, hip flexor stretches)
- Each exercise will be performed in 2-3 sets of 10-15 repetitions, with the load increased according to participant tolerance.
During the application process, participants will be provided with classic educational materials (e.g., verbal explanations or informative brochures) about the physiological basis of pain, movement safety, and exercise-related pain management. Thi
干预措施: Classic Pain Neuroscience Education (Other)
Core Stabilization + Virtual Reality-Assisted Pain Neuroscience Education
Individuals in this group will receive SG-supported pain education in addition to the Group 1 protocol. Program details:
- Initial Session (Week 1)
- 20-30 minutes of pain education modules in the SG environment
- Information on the neurophysiological basis of pain, catastrophizing, and fear-avoidance behaviors
- Reinforcement with interactive questions and short exercises
- Weekly Reinforcement (Weeks 2-6)
- 10-15 minutes of short SG modules each week
- Integration with core exercise sessions
干预措施: Core Stabilization Exercises (Other)
Core Stabilization + Virtual Reality-Assisted Pain Neuroscience Education
Individuals in this group will receive SG-supported pain education in addition to the Group 1 protocol. Program details:
- Initial Session (Week 1)
- 20-30 minutes of pain education modules in the SG environment
- Information on the neurophysiological basis of pain, catastrophizing, and fear-avoidance behaviors
- Reinforcement with interactive questions and short exercises
- Weekly Reinforcement (Weeks 2-6)
- 10-15 minutes of short SG modules each week
- Integration with core exercise sessions
干预措施: Virtual Reality-supported pain neuroscience education program (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Severity of Pain
时间窗: 6 week
A visual analog scale will be used to assess patients' current pain intensity. This scale is one of the most commonly used scales for assessing pain intensity during rest, activity, and at night. The scale features a 10 cm line on which the patient can mark their pain intensity. Patients are asked to indicate the degree of their pain intensity on the line, ranging from no pain (left side) to unbearable pain (right side).
Functional Status
时间窗: 6 week
The level of disability resulting from low back pain will be assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). The ODI was developed by Fairbank et al. in 1980, and its Turkish validity and reliability were established by Yakut et al. The ODI is one of the most widely used instruments for determining the extent to which daily living activities and functional status are affected by pain in individuals with low back pain.
次要结局
- Balance(6 week)
- Pain Catastrophizing(6 week)
研究者
İrem CANLI
Research Assistant
Kirsehir Ahi Evran Universitesi