Evaluation of Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and Quality of Life in Patients With Schizophrenia Utilized From Community Mental Health Center Services

Mental health is defined (according to the World Health Organization) as a state of well-being in which a person can realize his/her abilities, coping with the normal stresses of life, and supporting society by working efficiently and productively. In other words, mental health is a dynamic internal balance that enables individuals to use their diversity of skills in harmony with the universal values of the society. For example, it is the flexibility and ability to cope with negative life experiences and social functioning and the harmonious connection between body and mind. To be more concrete, mental health includes different components of life, for example in terms of relationships, good relationships with friends and family, the ability to talk about feelings. Examples of leisure activities include taking up a hobby, exercising regularly, and routinely taking vacations. It is also important to maintain a lifestyle that consists of having a nutritious and regular diet, not smoking and using over-the-counter drugs, and achieving at least some goals in life.

Mental disorders involve a wide variety of problems. Mental disorders are often characterized by a combination of abnormal thoughts, behaviors, emotions, and relationships with other people. Mental disorders include: depression, drug use disorders, mental disabilities, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder characterized by the appearance of both positive symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions and negative symptoms such as apathy and withdrawal, repetition of cognitive skills and disorganization. The number of schizophrenic patients in the world is approximately 20 million and this number will continue to increase every year. According to a systematic review of general population studies, the lifetime median prevalence of schizophrenia in Turkey was found to be 8.9 per 1000 people. In addition, schizophrenia patients have irregular self-esteem, inability to maintain social relationships, deterioration in cognitive skills, and sedentary behaviors in their daily lives. Sedentary behavior in patients with schizophrenia will increase the risks of cardiovascular and obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus (especially type 2), cancer that can contribute greatly to death and disability. Therefore, it was found that patients with schizophrenia have a shorter life expectancy of 10-20 years compared to the general population.

It has been found that people with schizophrenia are less physically active and less physically fit than the general population. Physical activity means any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. Exercise is a subset of physical activity, which is planned, structured and repetitive bodily movements performed to increase and maintain one or more aspects of physical fitness. Physical fitness can be defined as a set of independent qualities associated with the ability to perform physical activities. Components such as cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance and flexibility are more related to health, while components such as coordination and whole-body balance are more related to the performance of physical activities.

There is an inverse relationship between sedentary behavior (related to time spent lying or sitting) and physical activity level in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, physical activity has a direct relationship with physical fitness and physical health in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, one study showed that poor physical activity level and poor physical fitness had a negative effect on the ability of schizophrenia participants to perform activities of daily living performance causes a decrease in the quality of life in these patients. According to the World Health Organization, quality of life is defined as individuals' perceptions of their position in life in the context of the value systems and culture in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. Quality of life is a subjective, multidimensional term defined as a standard level for physical, emotional, material and social well-being.