Treatment Indications for Breast Cancer-related Subclinical Lymphedema Identified Through a Bioimpedance Surveillance Model

Lymphedema is an accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues resulting from an impairment of the normal lymphatic drainage of the affected region. Lymphedema is often a side effect of breast cancer treatments such as axillary lymph node surgery and radiation, as these procedures are damaging to the lymphatic structures. Due to poor awareness of the condition, minimal education is given to patients about their risk for lymphedema as a result of cancer treatments. With inconsistent diagnostic methods, many cases of breast cancer-related lymphedema are diagnosed after the condition has progressed to its irreversible and chronic form, i.e. clinical lymphedema.

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) uses a low frequency electrical current to assess extracellular fluid of the limbs. BIS has proven to be a sensitive and specific tool for detecting subclinical lymphedema (Stage 0) and has been validated in its use within a surveillance model. Recent literature supports the use of a surveillance model to identify breast cancer-related subclinical lymphedema to allow for early intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Despite the growing body of evidence supporting the importance of early identification of lymphedema in the subclinical stage, there is limited evidence to guide treatment of this patient population. Treatment parameters for subclinical lymphedema stem primarily from a study by Stout et al. indicating that a short compression trial (mean duration of 4.4 weeks) of 20-30 mmHg garments effectively treated subclinical lymphedema identified by perometry by preventing progression to late-stage lymphedema.

Surveillance of arm volume will be performed using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) testing with the Impedimed® L-dex U400. Subjects will receive BIS testing (1) pre-operatively, (2) post-operatively at 6 weeks, (3) 3 months, (4) 6 months, (5) 12 months, (6) 18 months, (7) 24 months, and (8) 36 months. The outcome measure will be the L-dex score.

Only subjects who have an abnormal result will be enrolled in the experimental portion of the study. If an L-dex score is abnormal (defined by a change of +7 units from her pre-operative baseline), the subject is determined to exhibit subclinical lymphedema. As a result, these subjects will be randomized into one of two intervention groups. The group receiving only compression intervention will be referred to as the compression group (CG). The group receiving Manual Lymphatic Drainage (MLD) and compression will be referred to as the therapy group (TG).