Prevention of Child Mental Health Problems in Southeastern Europe - Adapt, Optimize, Test, and Extend Parenting for Lifelong Health ' - 'RISE' - The Randomized Controlled Trial (Phase 3 of MOST)

University of Bremen3 sites in 3 countries823 target enrollmentDecember 7, 2020

ConditionsChild Mental Disorder

Overview

Phase: N/A
Intervention: Not specified
Conditions: Child Mental Disorder
Sponsor: University of Bremen
Enrollment: 823
Locations: 3
Primary Endpoint: Change in Parent Daily Ratings (PDR): oppositional and aggressive sub scale (12 items), continuous sub-scale score
Status: Completed
Last Updated: 4 years ago

Overview Investigators Eligibility Criteria Outcomes Sites Similar Trials

Overview

Brief Summary

The overall RISE project aims to adapt, optimise and test a low-cost parenting programme for families in three southeastern European countries (North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, Romania). Therefore, the investigators apply the Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) and conduct the study over 3 phases: during the first Phase (Preparation) the feasibility of the intervention and the assessment and implementation procedures were tested in a small pilot study. In the second Phase (Optimization), 8 different programme combinations were tested in order to identify the most effective and cost-effective combination in the three countries. Now, in the third Phase (Evaluation), the optimised intervention identified in Phase 2 will be tested in a randomised controlled trial. The investigators also apply dimensions of the RE-AIM framework to maximise the reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation within the existing service infrastructure and maintained use of the new intervention.

For the current Phase 3, the investigators aim to recruit a total of 864 parents (n = 288 per country) of children with elevated child behaviour problems aged 2 to 9 years. After pre-assessment the families will be randomly assigned to the intervention group or the control group. Parents in the intervention group will receive a parenting programme (5 sessions, Parenting for Lifelong Health for Young Children, PLH-YC) and the parents in the control condition will receive one lecture on parenting (Raising Healthy Children). Parents will be asked to complete assessments after intervention completion (post-assessment) and 12 months after pre-assessment (follow-up assessment) in order to detect immediate and more longterm effects.

Detailed Description

Over the past decade there have been increasing calls for the scale-up of evidence-based interventions in order to reduce the risk of violence against children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). In particular, group-based parenting programmes for families with young children have been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of child maltreatment and improving child wellbeing with promising evidence emerging from low- and middle-income countries. These group-based programmes typically aim to strengthen caregiver-child relationships through positive parenting and help parents to manage child behaviour problems through effective, age-appropriate, nonviolent discipline strategies. Despite the emerging evidence of the effectiveness of parenting interventions in reducing violence against children, many local governments and service providers in LMICs face multiple challenges in implementing evidence-based parenting programmes in resource poor contexts. Parenting programmes are often too expensive to deliver effectively at scale in low-resource settings due to their complexity, intensity, and length. Parenting programmes developed and evaluated in other contexts also may not fit the local service delivery context and may require adaptation to be relevant to the local culture of families. Additional programme content may also be necessary to address acute economic deprivation, high community violence, and parental distress. The process of delivery may also need to be simplified to improve participant engagement and the quality of delivery. As a result, it is essential that programmes implemented in LMICs are * Effective at reducing violence against children, * Integrated within the existing service delivery system of the country, * Feasible and culturally acceptable to service providers and families, and * Scalable in terms of their affordability, replicability, and sustainability while reaching a maximum number of beneficiaries. However, there are currently very few parenting programmes that meet these criteria in LMICs (such as North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, and Romania), where the need is the greatest. The Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) initiative is focused on the development, evaluation, and dissemination of parenting programmes to reduce violence against children and improve child wellbeing in LMIC. It was established to address the need to develop low-cost, evidence-based parenting programmes that can be integrated within existing service delivery systems in LMIC. The PLH for Young Children from 2-9 y. (PLH-YC) programme includes general content like one-on-one time/child-led play; praising and rewarding children; instructions, household rules, and routines; managing difficult behaviours: ignore and consequences; reflection and moving on. Core activities during sessions include group discussions illustrated vignettes, role-plays, collaborative problem solving, practicing skills at home. The overall RISE project has two general objectives: (1) the first objective relates to the adaption, optimisation and evaluation of selected best practice intervention condition (MOST), while (2) the second objective relates to implementation issues (RE-AIM). The primary objective of the overall project is adapt, optimise and test a parenting programme so that it meets the specific needs and constraints of families in three LMIC in Southeastern Europe. The design is informed by the Multiphase Optimisation Strategy (MOST) and is conduced over 3 distinct phases: 1) Preparation, 2) Optimisation, and 3) Evaluation. In Phase 1, the feasibility of the intervention and research methods was tested in a small pilot study in North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova, and Romania. In Phase 2, 8 different programme components were tested in a factorial experiment to identify the most effective and cost-effective combination. In the present Phase 3, the optimised intervention (identified in Phase 2) will be tested in a randomised-controlled trial. A secondary objective of this project is to carefully assess barriers to implementation, integration with existing service delivery systems, and scale-ups from the outset to facilitate sustainability and real world applicability at the end of the project. When introducing such an innovative intervention in resource-limited settings, it is important to focus on the implementation processes that increase reach, efficacy, adoption, and sustainability of culturally-adapted and optimized versions of the programme in addition to evaluating programme effectiveness. The theoretical model for the implementation framework in the RISE project is RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance, Glasgow et al., 2011). As a result, investigators will examine the adoption (defined as the proportion of settings willing to initiate the intervention), reach (the proportion of eligible individuals that participate in the intervention) and implementation (the fidelity, adherence, dosage assessed with multiple measures) as well as on effectiveness and sustainability of the RISE project at the organizational and participants' level. In addition, it will be examined how implementation factors influence programme effectiveness, and how potential population characteristics might affect outcomes (e.g., moderators such as baseline parent mental health, for details see study protocol, Taut et al., in preparation). The first two Phases have been successfully completed. For details of Phase 1, see trial registration (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03552250) and study protocol (doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026684). For details of Phase 2, please refer to the trial registration (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03865485) or the study protocol (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2019.105855). This presently registered study relates to the Evaluation Phase (Phase 3). This randomised-controlled trial ist to test the effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness of the optimised intervention (identified in the factorial experiment, Phase 2) in the three LMIC North Macedonia, Republic of Moldova and Romania. More details can be found in the study protocol for Phase 3. Note: The investigators have developed a stepwise safety plan in case the local restrictions due to COVID-19 pandemic will not allow in-person assessments and parent groups (as planned). The safety plan includes the reduction of the number of parents per group size switch to online delivery of PLH-YC and lecture / phone assessments. For more details, please see the study protocol (Taut et al., submitted). Note: The investigators will assess further variables that are not mentioned in the outcome section. These are moderator variables that will be only assessed once (at baseline) and that are described in the study protocol (Taut et al., in preparation). Note: Based on the experiences during the pre-assessments, an interim reduction of measures was necessary to prevent overburdening of families (more time needed for assessments because of the pandemic situation). It was decided to take out some of the other pre-specified outcome measures for the post-assessment (for details, see outcome section). Note: Assessment of parent-child relationship: In addition to the coherence rating, two scales of the FAARS rating (Warmth, Criticism) were added for the following reasons: The FAARS scales are assumed to be closely related to the mechanisms and outcomes of a social learning theory based parenting program and may better capture the expected change. These scales also showed good validity in other parenting intervention studies (e.g., Smith et al., 2013).

Registry

clinicaltrials.gov

Start Date

December 7, 2020

End Date

March 14, 2022

Last Updated

4 years ago

Study Type

Interventional

Study Design

Parallel

Sex

All

Investigators

Sponsor

University of Bremen

Responsible Party

Sponsor

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Not provided

Exclusion Criteria

Not provided

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Change in Parent Daily Ratings (PDR): oppositional and aggressive sub scale (12 items), continuous sub-scale score

Time Frame: PLH group: after the first, third and fifth session. lecture: after the lecture, 2 and 4 weeks later

The primary outcome child oppositional aggressive behaviour is assessed with 3 indicators: 3) daily reports: The PDR oppositional and aggressive sub-scale (10 items) and 2 positive items will be used to monitor child behavioral problems. We excluded the last item from the scale ("he/she pouts") because this question caused translation problems in the three implementation countries during the last assessment. The item was not understood correctly by parents and assessors and thus did not result in valid answers. Parent will report on their child's behaviour within the last 24 hours (answer format: did occur/did not occur). The oppositional and aggressive subscale mean score will be calculating (score range: 0-1) with higher scores indicating more child problem behaviour within the last 24 hours. Additional exploratory analyses will include the mean score of the two positive items (range: 0 -1) with higher values indicating more frequent positive child behaviour.

Change in level of aggressive behaviour in children: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 11/2-5 and 6-18, parent-report, sub-scale "Aggressive behaviour" (with 19 items (CBCL ½ - 5) and 18 items (CBCL 6-18), continuous sub-scale score

Time Frame: pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022)

The primary outcome child oppositional aggressive behaviour is assessed with 3 indicators: 1) parent-report: The CBCL is part of the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) and is available for different age ranges, including the targeted range in the present study. For Phase 3, the parent-report versions for children aged 1½-5 and 6-18 are employed. The aggressive behaviour sub scale (CBCL ½ - 5 version: 19 items, CBCL 6-18: 18 items) belongs to the externalising scale and assesses aggressive behaviour (e.g., "Argues a lot"). The total raw score ranges from 0 to 38 in the CBCL ½ - 5 version and 0-36 in the CBCL 6-18 version, with higher scores indicating more aggressive child behaviour. Items are rated on a 3-point Likert scale (2 = very true or often true of the child; 0 = not true of the child).

Change in prevalence of Externalising Disorders in Children (MINI-KID), binary total score

Time Frame: pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022)

The primary outcome child oppositional aggressive behaviour is assessed with 3 indicators: 2) clinical interview: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents - Parent Version (MINI-KID-P) will be used to assess whether the criteria for a) Conduct Disorder (CD) or b) Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) are met (yes/no). The results of the two disorders will be combined to one binary total score with 0 = no externalising disorder and 1 = current externalising disorder (ODD or CD).

Secondary Outcomes

Change in frequency of dysfunctional parenting: Parenting Scale (PS) / self-report (shortened version); continuous total score and 2 sub-scale scores(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in frequency of positive parenting and effective discipline: Parenting of Young Children Scale (PARYC) / self-report (21 items); continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in level of internalising problem behaviour in children: Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) 11/2-5 (31 items) and 6-18 (32 items) parent-report, Internalizing Scale; continuous sub-scale score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in parent-child relationship quality as measured via FMSS (Five Minute Speech Sample) coherence; continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in levels of parenting stress: Parenting Stress Scale (18-items); continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in parent-child relationship quality as measured via FMSS (Five Minute Speech Sample) Family Affective Attitude Rating Scale (FAARS), sub scales Warmth and Criticism; continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
RE-AIM Reach: Enrollment rate(approx. 4 months after pre-assessment (May/June 2021))
Change in daily report of effective parenting behaviour (5 items of Alabama Parenting Questionnaire), continuous score(PLH group: after the first, third and fifth session. lecture: after the lecture, 2 and 4 weeks later)
Change in levels of psychological distress in parents: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales - short version/ self-report (21 items); continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
RE-AIM Reach: Participation rate(approx. 4 months after pre-assessment (May/June 2021))
Change in frequency and incidence of child maltreatment: ISPCAN-Child Abuse Screening Tool-Intervention (ICAST-I)/ self-report (16 items); main focus on continuous total score, 2nd question: any effect of intervention on any of the 3 sub-scale score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in levels of parental relationship quality: Couple Satisfaction Index / self-report (4 items); continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in Child Quality of Life: Child Health Utility 9D (CHU9D; 9 items); continuous total score(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))
Change in levels of Intimate Partner Violence (29 items); continuous total score and 4 sub-scales (level of severity)(pre: Jan/Feb 2021; post: approx. 4 months after pre assessment (May/June 2021); follow-up: approx. 10 -12 months after pre-assessment (Dec 2021 - Feb 2022))