A 4-week Consumption of Light or Dark Roast Unfiltered (Turkish) Coffee Affects Cardiovascular Risk Parameters of Homocysteine and Cholesterol Concentrations in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Enrollment
- 28
- Locations
- 2
- Primary Endpoint
- Comparing the serum lipid levels of all interventions
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Purpose/Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of boiled unfiltered (Turkish) coffee consumption on the plasma cardiovascular risk parameters of healthy subjects. The study also explores whether two unfiltered boiled (Turkish) coffee beverages that differ in content due to different roasting degrees will differentially affect cardiovascular biomarkers.
Methods: In this crossover intervention study, healthy, nonsmoking, habitual Turkish coffee drinkers (n=28) were randomized to consume at least 3 cups of Light (LR) or Dark (DR) roast Turkish coffee brews per day for 4 weeks after a washout period (WO) of 2 weeks. Subsequent to each coffee abstinence period, both groups received the alternative intervention. After the first WO and the coffee intervention periods, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, heart rate and 13 biochemical parameters were collected and dietary records were completed.
Detailed Description
Background: Considerable controversy exists regarding the link between coffee consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It has been shown that different coffee preparation and brewing methods influence the concentration of compounds present in the final coffee brew. Unlike coffee traditionally consumed in the western world, Turkish coffee is not drip filtered, but rather its method of preparation involves slowly boiling water that is mixed with thinly ground coffee beans. This style of preparation results in a greater amount of biologically active components (caffeine and diterpenes) remaining in the liquid. In addition to preparation styles, roasting process greatly affects the chemical composition of the coffee. Coffee types differing in content of major constituents differ with regard to cardiovascular health effects.
Purpose/Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of boiled unfiltered (Turkish) coffee consumption on the plasma cardiovascular risk parameters of healthy subjects. The study also explores whether two unfiltered boiled (Turkish) coffee beverages that differ in content due to different roasting degrees will differentially affect cardiovascular biomarkers.
Methods: In this crossover intervention study, healthy, nonsmoking, habitual Turkish coffee drinkers (n=28) were randomized to consume at least 3 cups of Light (LR) or Dark (DR) roast Turkish coffee brews per day for 4 weeks after a washout period (WO) of 2 weeks. Subsequent to each coffee abstinence period, both groups received the alternative intervention. After the first WO and the coffee intervention periods, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, heart rate and 13 biochemical parameters were collected and dietary records were completed.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Crossover
- Primary Purpose
- Other
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 20 Years to 35 Years (Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •Regular Turkish coffee consumer ≥ 1 cups/day
- •Body mass index (BMI) 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 )
- •Non-smoker or former smoker (more than a year)
- •Willingness to abstain from coffee drinking
- •Willingness to consume ≥ 3 cups/day of Turkish coffee
Exclusion Criteria
- •Acute or chronic diseases
- •Severe illness with in-patient treatment during last 3 months
- •Use of regular medication or any supplements
- •Weight reduction ˃2 kg/week during the last month
- •Pregnancy or breastfeeding
- •Regular strong physical activity with ≥1h/day
- •High alcohol intake a weekly intake of ˃7 units for women and ˃14units for men
- •Excess consumption of total fat ˃35% of daily calories
- •Consumption of saturated fatty acid ˃10% of daily calories
- •Cholesterol intake ˃300mg/day
Arms & Interventions
Washout period
Coffee abstention phase for 2 weeks.
Intervention: coffee abstention phase (Other)
Light roast coffee (LR)
Participants will follow LR Coffee consumption procedure and consume at least 3 cups of Light (LR) roast Turkish coffee brews per day for 4 weeks after a washout period (WO) of 2 weeks.
Intervention: LR Coffee consumption (Other)
Second washout period
coffee abstention phase for 2 weeks
Intervention: coffee abstention phase (Other)
Dark roast coffee (DR)
Participants will follow DR Coffee consumption procedure and consume at least 3 cups of Dark (DR) roast Turkish coffee brews per day for 4 weeks after a washout period (WO) of 2 weeks.
Intervention: DR Coffee consumption (Other)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Comparing the serum lipid levels of all interventions
Time Frame: 12 weeks
Differences in concentration of serum lipid levels of participants in coffee-free period (washout) and after LR or DR coffee ingestion were measured. Blood samples were obtained at the end of two weeks washout period and after each four weeks coffee intervention period, and sera were stored at -30∘ C, until analytical measurements were performed. The levels of serum lipids: Triglycerides (mg/dL), Total cholesterol (mg/dL), and HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) were determined using a Dimension Xpand Plus integrated clinical chemistry autoanalyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA). The serum levels of LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) were calculated using Friedewald's equation. Differences in blood lipid variables were analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA for comparisons of LR coffee intake with DR and of each roast with the washout.analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0 (IBM-SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Secondary Outcomes
- Comparing the weight (kg) of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the height (cm) of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the blood pressure (BP) (Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)) of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the body mass index (BMI) of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the fasting blood glucose levels of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the waist circumference (cm) of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the 3-day food diaries (1 weekend day and 2 weekdays) taken during each intervention(12 weeks)
- Comparing the body fat percentage (%) of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the serum Malondialdehyde levels of all interventions(12 weeks)
- Comparing the physical activity levels of each intervention(12 weeks)
- Comparing the Homocysteine levels of all interventions(12 weeks)
Investigators
Fatma Hülyam Eren
Instructor
Eastern Mediterranean University