Continuous Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Colorectal Surgery

Phase 2

Completed

Brief Summary: We propose to randomise patients due to undergo colorectal surgery to standard antibiotic prophylaxis or an interventional antibiotic prophylaxis regimen and assess surgical wound infection rates. Standard antibiotic prophylaxis is a pre-operative injection of cefuroxime, repeated every 4 hours. The intervention regimen is a loading dose of cefuroxime followed by a continuous infusion of cefuroxime until the end of surgery. The intervention regimen dosing will be calculated using a patient's renal function and body weight. The intervention regimen will target a free serum drug concentration of 64mg/L. This serum level is 4x the MIC90 for colonising Enterobacteriaceae. The rational for this dosing regimen is summarised below. The primary objective of the study is to reduce by 50% the rate of surgical wound infections after colorectal surgery.

Detailed Description: An expert assessment is that fT\>MIC is the measure most likely to be applicable to prophylaxis. But this measure is not achieved by standard prophylaxis regimens. Neither do clinical data suggest this target achieves optimal prophylaxis. Therefore there is an opportunity to optimise antibiotic prophylaxis dosing. As the exposure response-relationship (pharmacodynamic target) is unknown we could either complete a number of studies exploring different relationships, or compare standard treatment to a single regimen which included a number of exposure-response relationships. The two most common exposure-response relationships are the CMAX/MIC ratio and the fT\>MIC. And it has been reported that killing, as opposed to inhibition used in MIC values, is optimised by achieving 4 times an MIC value. An antibiotic prophylaxis regimen which achieved drug concentrations of 4xMIC for the duration of surgery would therefore achieves a high CMAX/MIC ratio, high T\>MIC, and optimise bacterial killing. Therefore, standard dose antibiotic prophylaxis will be compared against a PD target dosed antibiotic prophylaxis regimen. The PD target will be a free serum antibiotic concentration of 4xMIC90 for Enterobacteriaceae against cefuroxime. Continuous infusion of antibiotic prophylaxis will ensure there is continuous targeting of this drug level throughout the operation.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria

Not provided

Exclusion Criteria

Unable to consent
Pregnancy
Expected duration of surgery <2hours
Creatinine clearance <40ml/min
Individual level microbiological advice for non cefuroxime based prophylaxis
Cephalosporin allergy
Penicillin allergy (hypersensitivity reaction only)
Coumarin (warfarin and acenocoumarol) treatment
Active blood borne virus infection e.g. HIV, hepatitis.
Seizure history
Concurrent use of probenecid
Current participation in a research project aimed at reducing SSIs
Antibiotics for treatment of a systemic Gram negative infection within 2 hours of initiation of surgery (Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Daptomycin, Linezolid, Flucloxacillin. Nitrofurantoin and Clarithromycin would be permissible antibiotics without systemic Gram negative antibiotics).
A current diagnosis of a SSI at the time of study entry.

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Standard regimen	Cefuroxime 4 hourly bolus	Cefuroxime 1.5grams pre-operatively Repeated every 4 hours
Interventional regimen	Cefuroxime 4 hourly bolus	Cefuroxime continuous infusion targeting 64mg/l serum concentrations.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Patients With a Surgical Site Infection	Number of patients with a surgical site infection within 30 days of a colorectal surgical procedure.	Superficial and deep surgical site infections as defined by the CDC (Centre's for Disease Control) definitions of surgical site infections.

Secondary Outcome Measures