Home-based Exercise Rehabilitation With a Novel Digital Biofeedback System for Non-specific Chronic Low Back Pain: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Low back pain (LBP) has for long been the world's leading cause of years leaved with disability, and, considering that the overall life expectancy is rising, this pandemic only tends to get worse. Nearly everyone is affected by LBP at some moment in life (70-80% of lifetime prevalence). As a consequence, LBP is also presented as a leading cause of work absenteeism worldwide. Thus, although the estimate costs of LBP may be difficult to compare between different countries, its overwhelming socio-economic impact in modern society is evident.

In the absence of an effective treatment, LBP can become chronic, causing a huge impact in patients' daily life, and ultimately promoting a high consumption of healthcare resources. In the US alone, health expenditures for adults with spinal problems were estimated at $6000 per person, representing a total cost of $102 billion each year.

The dim picture described above highlights the urgent need for effective interventions that minimize disability, improve quality of life and decrease productivity losses.

Current guidelines on CLBP management recommend patient education, exercise, physical therapy, and behavioural therapy as the mainstays treatments for this condition. Despite some discrepancy in the type of exercise program (e.g. aquatic exercises, stretching, back schools, McKenzie exercise approach, yoga, tai-chi) and mode of delivery (e.g., individually designed programs, supervised home exercise, and group exercise), exercise therapy is recommended nearly transversally, with most studies concluding that exercise intervention programs should include a combination of muscular strength, flexibility and aerobic fitness exercises. Moreover, home exercises with a regular therapist follow-up has proven highly effective. Importantly, however, the main driver of the direct cost component in the care of LBP is physical therapy, meaning new ways of delivering therapy are warranted.

Besides exercise therapy, opioid prescription is also a common practice, despite known opioid-related morbidity and mortality rates. Because the prevalence of CLBP is continuously rising, and opioid misuse is an issue of great concern globally, identifying effective non-opioid alternatives for CLBP is of paramount importance.