Phase III, Randomized, Double Blind Trial on Vitamin D Supplementation for Resected Stage II Melanoma Patients

Cancer chemoprevention uses natural, synthetic, or biologic chemical agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent carcinogenic progression (Sporn MB Cancer Res 1976). Genetic changes exist throughout the field and increase the likelihood that one or more premalignant and malignant lesions may develop within that field. Multistep carcinogenesis describes a stepwise accumulation of alterations, both genotypic and phenotypic. Arresting one or several of the steps may impede or delay the development of cancer. Several epidemiological, pre-clinical and clinical studies support Vitamin D as preventive and therapeutic cancer agent, for a wide spectrum of cancer. Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH) D]), the hormonal derivative of vitamin D, has been established since the 1980s as an antiproliferative and prodifferentiation agent, and as a proapoptotic agent and an inhibitor of cell migration, which may imply an inhibitory effect in cancer. Vitamin D is more like a hormone and not strictly a vitamin according to the classical criteria that an essential nutrient is a substance the body cannot synthesise in sufficient quantities itself. Also, vitamins are usually involved in biochemical reactions, while 1_,25-dihydroxyvitamin D exerts its action via VDR. Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol). Endogenous synthesis of vitamin D3 takes place in the skin under the influence of ultra violet B (UVB) radiation. Exogenous vitamin D2 or D3 comes from dietary intake. The overall vitamin D intake is the sum of cutaneous vitamin D and nutritional vitamin D and D. Vitamin D on its own has no physiological action. To be physiologically active, vitamin D must first be hydroxylated in the liver by the enzyme 25-hydroxylase, encoded by CYP27A1 (also called the 25-hydroxylase) in 25-hydroxyvitamin D or 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D (1,25-hydroxyvitamin D). The 25-hydroxyvitamin D is inactive, and an additional hydroxylation in the kidney by the enzyme 1_-hydroxylase, encoded by CYP27B1, (also called 1_-hydroxylase) is necessary for production of the physiologically active vitamin D metabolite, the 1_,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol). When 1,25(OH) D is sufficiently available, the enzyme mitochondrial protein encoded by CYP24A1 metabolises the 1_,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in 1_,24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which is further catabolised to calcitroic acid. 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D are transported in serum by the vitamin D-binding protein (gene name: GC, group-specific component). Ahn systematically investigated the association of 48 SNPS in four vitamin D metabolizing genes (CYP27A1, GC, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1) with serum 25(OH)D levels. Four tagSNPS in GC, the major serum 25(OH)D carrier, were associated with 25(OH)D levels (Ahn et al.Carcinogenesis 2009). CYP24A1 encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This mitochondrial protein initiates the degradation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by hydroxylation of the side chain. In regulating the level of vitamin D, this enzyme plays a role in calcium homeostasis and the vitamin D endocrine system. Of interest, epigenetic silencing of CYP24A1, which is overexpressed in many cancers, in tumour-derived endothelial cells renders the tumour sensitive to the anti-angiogenic effects of 1,25(OH) D. Various molecules can inhibit 24-Ohase. These merit exploration and further development as specific small molecule 24-OHase inhibitors, especially in combination with 1,25(OH)D or other vitamin D analogues. These may maximize intracellular 1,25(OH)D content and exert optimal antiproliferative effects (Deeb 2007; Mantell 2000; Nishimura 1994). Binding of 1,25(OH)D to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) suppresses proliferation and induces differentiation of cancer cells in tumour tissue, suggesting that high levels of vitamin D metabolites may be protective against cancer (Deeb 2007; Reichel 1989).