Validity and Reliability of a Novel Depth Camera-based Physical Function and Fall Risk Assessments for Community Dwellings Elders Living Alone
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- Sahmyook University
- Enrollment
- 40
- Locations
- 1
- Primary Endpoint
- AK-based Timed Up and Go Test and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Timed Up and Go Test
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Falls significantly reduce physical function as well as quality of life which leads to failure of successful aging among elders. There is a great need for automated assessing physical functions that can be address fall risks for those elderly living alone. The study aims to test validity and reliability of a depth camera-based physical function and fall risk assessment among healthy young and elderly adults with and without fall histories.
The present study explores the concurrent, convergent, and discriminative validity of Azure Kinect-based physical function assessments, along with the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of these measurements. The diagnostic accuracy and the optimal cut-off values of the Azure Kinect-based tests in differentiating fall risks will be provided.
The enrolled participants will complete the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Each of the AK-based evaluation will be measured three times with simultaneous measurements of the same physical therapist directed tests: two trials will be measured by one physical therapist, while one trial will be measured by the another physical therapist.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Non Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Screening
- Masking
- Single (Participant)
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to — (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •those who: (1) are adults (≥18 years); (2) are able to follow instructions during physical examinations; (3) can walk independently for at least six meters; and (4) agrees to participate and provide written consent.
Exclusion Criteria
- •those who have: (1) orthopedic injuries; (2) neurological disease; (3) pain or inflammation; (4) visual or hearing problems; (5) a previous history of surgery; (6) serious medical concerns; or (7) refuses to participate
Arms & Interventions
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Azure Kinect-based Tandem Stance Test (ATST) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Tandem Stance Test (PTST) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Azure Kinect-based Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (AFTSS) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (PFTSS) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Functional Reach Test (FRT) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Azure Kinect-based Timed Up and Go Test (ATUG) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Timed Up and Go Test (PTUG) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Four-Square Step Test (FSST) (Diagnostic Test)
Elders over 65-year-old
- Those who are elders (≥65 years)
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Grip Strength (GS) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Azure Kinect-based Tandem Stance Test (ATST) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Tandem Stance Test (PTST) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Azure Kinect-based Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (AFTSS) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (PFTSS) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Azure Kinect-based Timed Up and Go Test (ATUG) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Timed Up and Go Test (PTUG) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Functional Reach Test (FRT) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Four-Square Step Test (FSST) (Diagnostic Test)
Healthy adults under 65-year-old
- Those who are young adults over 18 and under 65 years old
- The enrolled participants completes the following evaluations during a single session: Tandem Stance Test (TST), Five Times Sit to Stand Test (FTSS), Turn Up and Go Test (TUG), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Functional Reach Test (FRT), Four Square Step Test (FSST), Grip Strength (GS), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). The AK-based measurements are TST, FTSS, and TUG which are also the components of the SPPB.
Intervention: Grip Strength (GS) (Diagnostic Test)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
AK-based Timed Up and Go Test and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Timed Up and Go Test
Time Frame: baseline
The Timed Up and Go test measures a person's mobility requiring both static and dynamic balance. Testing initiates with the participant moving from sit to stand and progresses through walking three meters within the laboratory, turning around, retracing steps, and returning to sit. The Azure Kinect-based system automatically stops timing the instant the participant sits, as does the physical therapist, who uses a stopwatch. The time to complete the tasks are measured in seconds.
AK-based Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (AFTSS) and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test
Time Frame: baseline
To assess Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test, a chair, 45cm in height and fixed to the ground, is placed three meters from the camera. Participants begin seated, and on start cue, repeatedly standd up and sit down five times. The Azure Kinect-based system automatically ends its measurement as the participant complete the fifth stand, whereas the physical therapist manually measures time using the stopwatch. The time measures in seconds from the system and therapist are compared.
AK-based Tandem Stance Test and Physical Therapist's Measurements of Tandem Stance Test
Time Frame: baseline
For the Tandem Stance Test comparisons, the Azure Kinect-based Tandem Stance Test system quantifies the distance traveled by the pelvic point in X, Y, and Z coordinates over a 30-second duration, while the physical therapist measures the time elapsed until the participant loses balance, with a maximum of 30 seconds. Participants remain in a tandem stance, positioning their preferred leg in front so that the heel of the front foot touches the toes of the back foot, ensuring both feet are aligned as straight as possible. They stand holding onto two chairs placed on their sides for stability and safety. Upon the cue to 'start', the participants let go of their hands, and both the system and the physical therapist's stopwatch initiate measurements. Participants try to maintain their stance for 30 seconds. Repositioning is noted when they step, use hands, or lose balance before 30 seconds. The total displacement (meters) and time until losing balance (seconds) are measured.
Secondary Outcomes
- Berg Balance Scale(baseline)
- Short Physical Performance Battery(baseline)
- Functional Reach Test(baseline)
- Grip Strength(baseline)
- Four-Square Step Test(baseline)
Investigators
Changho Song
Professor, Principal Investigator
Sahmyook University