Artificial Intelligence vs. LIRADS in Diagnosing HCC on CT

Not Applicable

Recruiting

• Conditions: HCC; Liver Cancer
• Interventions: Diagnostic Test: Prototype artificial intelligence algorithm; Diagnostic Test: LI-RADS

• Registration Number: NCT04843176
• Lead Sponsor: The University of Hong Kong

Brief Summary

Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It is the 3rd most common cause of cancer death in Hong Kong. The five-year survival rates of liver cancer differ greatly with disease staging, ranging from 91.5% in early-stage to 11% in late-stage. The early and accurate diagnosis of liver cancer is paramount in improving cancer survival. Liver cancer is diagnosed radiologically via cross sectional imaging, e.g. computed tomography (CT), without the routine use of liver biopsy. However, with current internationally-recommended radiological reporting methods, up to 49% of liver lesions may be inconclusive, resulting in repeated scans and a delay in diagnosis and treatment. An artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that that can accurately diagnosed liver cancer has been developed. Based on an interim analysis, the algorithm achieved a high diagnostic accuracy. The AI algorithm is now ready for implementation.

This study aims to prospective validate this AI algorithm in comparison with the current standard of radiological reporting in a randomized manner in the at-risk population undergoing triphasic contrast CT. This research project is totally independent and separated from the actual clinical reporting of the CT scan by the duty radiologist. The primary study outcome is the diagnostic accuracy of liver cancer, which will be unbiasedly based on a composite clinical reference standard.

Detailed Description

Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. The main disease burden is found in East Asia, in which the age-standardized incidence is 26.8 and 8.7 per 100,000 in men and women respectively. In 2017, among the top 10 most common cancers in Hong Kong, liver cancer had the highest case fatality rate of 84.6%. The five-year survival rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) differ greatly with disease staging, ranging from 91.5% in \<2 cm with surgical resection to 11% in \>5 cm with adjacent organ involvement. The early and accurate diagnosis of HCC is paramount in improving cancer survival.

Unlike other common cancers, HCC is diagnosed by highly characteristic dynamic patterns on contrast-enhanced cross sectional imaging, without the need of pathological confirmation. The Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) was established to standardize the lexicon, interpretation and communication of radiological findings related to HCC. However, up to 49% of nodules identified in computed tomography (CT) in the at-risk population are categorized by LI-RADS as indeterminate, further delaying the establishment of diagnosis.

There are currently studies pioneering the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical imaging. A interdisciplinary research team of clinicians, radiologists and statistical scientists, based on the clinical and radiological database of over 4,000 liver images, and have developed an AI algorithm to accurately diagnose liver cancer on CT. Based on retrospective data, an interim analysis found the AI algorithm able to achieve a diagnostic accuracy of \>97% and a negative predictive value of \>99%.

Can this novel prototype AI algorithm achieve a better performance in diagnosing HCC in the at-risk population when compared to LI-RADS? This question is especially relevant when the key to improved survival is early diagnosis, of which AI can potentially improve. Currently, errors in radiologist reporting are estimated to be 3-5% on a day-to-basis, equating to 40 million errors per annum worldwide. This prototype algorithm can be a solution to reduce human misinterpretation of radiological findings.

Basic Information
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Recruitment & Eligibility
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Study & Design
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Trial Locations

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2021-03-19
• Study First Submitted: 2021-04-06
• Study First Submitted QC: 2021-04-08
• Study First Posted: 2021-04-13
• Status Verified: 2022-05
• Last Update Submitted: 2022-05-17
• Last Update Posted: 2022-05-18
• Primary Completion: 2025-12-31
• Study Completion: 2026-06-30

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 250

Inclusion Criteria

• 1. Age >=18 years. 2. Defined as the at-risk population requiring regular liver ultrasonography surveillance. These include:

  2. Cirrhotic patients of any disease etiology,

  3. Chronic hepatitis B patients of age ≥40 years for men, age ≥50 years for women or with a family history of HCC.

     3. At least one new-onset focal liver nodule detected on liver ultrasonography.

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Exclusion Criteria

1. Liver nodules of <1 cm. Currently such nodules are not reported using LI-RADS criteria but are recommended for a repeat scan in 3-6 months. In patients with multiple liver nodules, the largest nodule will be assessed. 2. Patients with contraindications for contrast CT imaging, including a history of contrast anaphylaxis and impaired renal function (glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min). 3. Patients with prior transarterial chemoembolization or other interventional procedures with intrahepatic injection of lipiodol. Lipiodol is extremely hyperdense on computed tomography and will preclude objective interpretation. Such patients were also excluded in the development of our prototype AI algorithm.

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Prototype AI algorithm	Prototype artificial intelligence algorithm	In-house prototype deep learning artificial intelligence algorithm
LI_RADS interpretation	LI-RADS	LI-RADS criteria will be assessed independently by two specified abdominal radiologists with at least 10 years of experience in cross-sectional abdominal imaging

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Diagnostic accuracy for HCC	12 months	Number of participants diagnosed with HCC using a composite clinical reference standard. A lesion will be considered positive for HCC based on histology (biopsy, surgical resection or explant) or achieving LR-5 criteria in subsequent imaging. A lesion will be considered negative for HCC if it demonstrated stability at imaging for at least 12 months, unequivocal spontaneous reduction, or disappearance in the absence of tumor treatment.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Other diagnostic performance parameters for HCC	12 months	Number of participants diagnosed with HCC using a composite clinical reference standard. A lesion will be considered positive for HCC based on histology (biopsy, surgical resection or explant) or achieving LR-5 criteria in subsequent imaging. A lesion will be considered negative for HCC if it demonstrated stability at imaging for at least 12 months, unequivocal spontaneous reduction, or disappearance in the absence of tumor treatment.
Occurrence of technical failures	12 months	Number of technical failures overall
Interpretation time	12 months	Mean time for AI interpretation for recruited participants

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital; 🇭🇰 Hong Kong, Hong Kong