Electrical Stimulation in Diabetic Foot Ulceration

Diabetes affects approximately 347 million people worldwide, and by 2030 the WHO projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death. Diabetic foot ulcers are estimated to occur in 15% of all patients with diabetes, often co-existing with neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease which compromise the limb's ability to heal. Foot infections in this cohort are common, and diabetic foot ulcers serve as a portal for infective organisms to enter the body. Unchecked, infection can spread contiguously to involve underlying tissues, including bone. A diabetic foot infection is often the pivotal event leading to gangrene and lower extremity amputation. Diabetes accounts for over one million leg amputations every year, and represents 60% of all amputations in developed countries.

Due to the potential for rapid progression of infection, and the gravity of potential complications, diabetic foot problems are handled aggressively in the community, with a low threshold for referral to secondary care. Out-patient clinics involve a multidisciplinary team of clinicians, podiatrists and vascular surgeons. Good foot care is taught to all diabetic patients, and treatment with antibiotics, debridement and revascularisation should occur as a matter of urgency where appropriate.

The device to be tested mimics the effect of walking by making the foot twitch- it increases blood flow to the limb and exercises the leg muscles. It is hypothesised that increasing blood flow to the limb, much as surgical revascularisation, will aid the legs ability to heal and fight infection. After training, it can be used by patients on themselves and is suitable for out-patient therapy.

The investigators wish to evaluate both the short- and longer-term effects of a neuromuscular stimulator on diabetic foot ulceration as a therapeutic intervention.