Implant Surface Decontamination in Peri-implantitis Treatment

Not Applicable

Completed

Conditions: Peri-implantitis
Periodontal Disease

Interventions: Procedure: Chlorhexidine
Procedure: placebo

Registration Number: NCT01521260

Lead Sponsor: University Medical Center Groningen

Brief Summary: Peri-implantitis is an infectious disease that resides in the mucosa surrounding dental implants and also affects the supporting bone. Because the number of implants placed in everyday clinical practice is continuously increasing, it is reasonable to anticipate an increasing prevalence of peri-implantitis. However, from the literature there is very little reliable evidence suggesting which could be the most effective interventions for treating peri-implantitis.

The primary objective of this controlled clinical study is to evaluate the microbiological effect of decontamination of the implant surface during the surgical treatment of peri-implantitis using a chlorhexidine or placebo solution. The secondary objectives are to assess both the clinical and the microbiological effectiveness of treatment of peri-implantitis.

It is hypothesized that rinsing of the implant surface using a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution does not lead to better microbiological and clinical results compared to rinsing with a placebo solution.

The present study is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

Adult patients with at least one endosseous implant in the oral cavity with clinical and radiographical signs of peri-implantitis will be included in this study.

Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline followed by either 1 minute of rinsing with a placebo solution (saline with appearance of chlorhexidine) (control group) or 1 minute of chemical cleansing using 0,12% chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) (test group). After 1 minute of saline rinsing the gingival flap will be returned slightly apical (in order to reduce pockets) and will be firmly sutured. For both groups the surgery is followed by 2 weeks of mouthrinses with 0,12% chlorhexidine + Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) two times daily during 30 seconds.

The main study parameter is the microbial composition of the biofilm on the dental implant surface. Secondary study parameters are bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth, suppuration on probing, microbiological composition of the peri-implant sulcus, radiographic marginal bone level on standardized intraoral radiographs, presence of plaque, presence of calculus, marginal soft tissue recession implant failure, complications and adverse events.

Detailed Description: Not available

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 30

Inclusion Criteria

The patient is ≥ 18 years of age
The patient has at least one endosseous implant in the oral cavity with clinical and radiographical signs of peri-implantitis. Peri-implantitis is defined as a loss of marginal bone ≥ 2 mm as compared to a fixed reference point on the dental implant, in combination with bleeding and/or suppuration on probing and a peri-implant probing depth ≥ 5 mm;
The implants have been exposed to the oral environment for at least two years;
The patient is capable of understanding and giving informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria

Medical and general contraindications for the surgical procedures;
A history of local radiotherapy to the head and neck region;
Pregnancy and lactation;
Diabetes;
Systemic use of antibiotics during the last 3 months;
Long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs;
Incapability of performing basal oral hygiene measures as a result of physical or mental disorders;
Active, uncontrolled periodontal pathology of the remaining dentition;
Local use of antibiotics or use of other anti-septic / antimicrobial therapies in the oral cavity during the last 3 months;
Use of mouthrinses;
Bruxism;
Implants placed in skin grafted areas;
Implants with bone loss due to other reasons than bacterial infection (e.g. loose screw, inadequate positioning of the implant);
Implants with bone loss exceeding 2/3 of the length of the implant or implants with bone loss beyond the transverse openings in hollow implants;
Implant mobility;
Implants at which no position can be identified where proper probing measurements can be performed;
Previous surgical treatment of the peri-implantitis lesions;
Previous non-surgical treatment of the peri-implantitis lesions during the last 6 months (scaling or curretage).

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Chlorhexidine group	Chlorhexidine	Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by a mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline, 1 minute of chemical cleansing using 0,12% chlorhexidine + cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) without alcohol (Perio-aid®) and 1 minute of saline rinsing.
Placebo group	placebo	Implants with peri-implantitis lesions will be surgically exposed, followed by a mechanical cleansing using curettes and gauzes and cotton pellets soaked in saline, 1 minute of rinsing with a placebo solution (saline with appearance of chlorhexidine + CPC) and 1 minute of saline rinsing.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change in Total Bacterial Load on the Exposed Implant Surface	During the surgical procedure: 1. immediately after flap deflection and granulation tissue removal AND 2. after the decontamination procedure but before flap closure.	Total bacterial load as obtained by sweeping a microbrush across the implant surface after flap deflection. Samples are obtained immediately after flap deflection and granulation tissue removal AND after the decontamination procedure (mechanical debridement, rinsing of the implant surface using the placebo or chlorhexidine solution, saline rinsing) but before flap closure. The log-transformed mean change in bacterial load is calculated (difference between the two time points --\> difference in sample BEFORE decontamination and AFTER decontamination procedure).

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Complications and Adverse Events	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Presence of Plaque	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Marginal Soft Tissue Recession	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Presence of Calculus	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Implant Failure	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)	defined as implant mobility of previously clinically osseointegrated implants and removal of non-mobile implants because of progressive marginal bone loss or infection
Radiographic Marginal Bone Level on Standardized Intraoral Radiographs	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Bleeding on Probing	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Probing Pocket Depth	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Suppuration on Probing	baseline (T0), 3, 6 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T6, T12)
Microbiological Composition of the Peri-implant Sulcus	baseline (T0), 3 and 12 months after intervention (T3, T12)