The Effect of Low-dose Empagliflozin on Glucose Control in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes on a Closed-loop Insulin System: a Randomized Cross-over Controlled Trial
试验速览
- 阶段
- 1 期
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 25
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Percentage of time of plasma glucose levels spent in target range (placebo vs empagliflozin 2.5 mg)
研究概览
简要总结
A closed-loop insulin system, also referred to as the "artificial pancreas" (AP), is made up of an insulin pump, a continuous glucose monitor, and an application communicating between the two to adjust insulin administration based on glucose control. This is meant for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The McGill Artificial Pancreas (MAP) has been used previously in type 1 diabetes with significant benefits. Though prior studies have shown significant benefit with this system, some challenges still exist.
Empagliflozin is used in type 2 diabetes; it allows for glucose to be removed through the urine. Though its use is not approved in type 1 diabetes in North America, it (along with similar drugs) has been used in studies as adjunctive therapy with insulin with benefits on blood sugar control.
The purpose of our study is to see if a small dose of empagliflozin (2.5 mg and 5 mg) is enough to help those who cannot achieve adequate glucose control on a closed-loop insulin system.
The primary hypotheses of the study are the following:
- The use of empagliflozin 2.5 mg daily will increase time in range compared to placebo for those on the closed-loop system.
- The use of empagliflozin 5 mg daily will increase time in range compared to placebo for those on the closed-loop system.
详细描述
Some of the novel advances for type 1 diabetes treatment include continuous subcutaneous insulin pump therapy (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). A step further is the combination of both technologies, i.e. closed-loop insulin system, also referred to as the "artificial pancreas" (AP), where insulin delivery is modified based on glucose readings from CGM. Multiple studies have shown the benefit of closed-loop insulin systems on glycemic control, with their strength being nocturnal euglycemia, while post-prandial hyperglycemia remains a challenge due to decreased insulin absorption.
Novel medication therapies previously used for type 2 diabetes are also under investigation for type 1 diabetes. Sodium glucose-linked cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT2i's) increase urinary glucose excretion and, in doing so, euglycemia. Their use is predominantly in type 2 diabetes for glucose control and for cardiovascular and renal protection, though various studies have demonstrated improved glycemic control with SGLT2i use as adjunct to insulin therapy in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The use of both closed-loop insulin therapy in conjunction with SGLT2i therapy is thus a novel treatment for optimizing glycemic control in type 1 diabetes, in particular those who do not yet reach target glucose levels despite being on a closed-loop system. Our research group has previously studied the impact of a hybrid closed-loop insulin system with empagliflozin 25 mg, which increased the time in target glucose range of 3.9 to 10.0 from 70% to 84%. Notably, the EASE-3 (Empagliflozin as Adjunctive to inSulin thErapy) trial had previously shown a beneficial glucose effect with empagliflozin 2.5 mg without increasing the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis.
The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of low-dose empagliflozin (2.5 mg and 5 mg) on glucose control in adult patients with type 1 diabetes on a closed-loop insulin pump system, who would not otherwise be within a percentage of time in range (TIR) by blood glucose of 3.9 to 10 mmol/L of > 70% on the system.
Hypothesis
The primary hypotheses of the study are the following:
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Crossover
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Triple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator)
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •A clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for at least one year, as per their treating diabetes physician in agreement with the primary investigator's clinical judgment (confirmatory C-peptide and antibodies will not be required)
- •HbA1c between 7 and 10.5% (both extremes inclusive), performed within the last 6 months prior to study inclusion
- •Insulin pump use (of any modality) for minimum 3 months
- •Agreement to the use of highly effective method of birth control in women of child-bearing age and active avoidance of pregnancy during the trial. Child-bearing potential refers to participants of the female sex post-menarche and have not reached menopause or have a disclosed medical condition causing sterility (e.g. hysterectomy). Post-menopausal state refers to the absence of menses for 12 months without any alternative cause.
- •Time in range (3.9 - 10.0 mmol/L) < 70% as per CGM readings of the last 10 days during a 2-week run-in period on the closed-loop insulin delivery system.
排除标准
- •Current or < 2 week use of any other anti-hyperglycemic agent other than insulin
- •Current or </= 1 month use of supra-physiological doses of oral glucocorticoids
- •Requirement for regular use of acetaminophen (which may decrease CGM fidelity)
- •Planned or ongoing pregnancy
- •Breastfeeding individuals
- •Severe hypoglycemic episode within the last 3 months, defined as an event where glucose was < 4 mmol/L resulting in seizure, loss of consciousness, or need to present to the emergency department
- •Severe diabetic ketoacidosis within the last 3 years ("severe" referring to need to present to medical attention and requirement of intravenous insulin)
- •Active infection of any kind at the time of study enrolment, or any active foot ulcer
- •Recurrent infections (i.e. more than 2 in 1 year) of the following: genital, urinary tract infections, soft tissue, joint, or bone
- •Known severe peripheral vascular disease including the following: symptomatic claudication, loss of peripheral pulses, signs of peripheral arterial insufficiency as per initial clinical exam, previously documented insufficiency as per ankle or toe brachial index, prior amputations due to peripheral vascular disease
- •Osteoporosis defined as prior fragility fracture, previously measured bone mineral density with T or Z score < -2.5, or need for anti-osteoporotic medications
- •Glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/minutes/1.73 m2 as per CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation.
- •Any serious medical or psychiatric illness likely to interfere with study participation as per the judgment of the investigator (e.g. cirrhosis, active cancer, decompensated schizophrenia)
- •Prior adverse reaction to SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g. empagliflozin, dapagliflozin)
- •Inability to travel to the research center within 3 hours if needed during the study interventions
- •Failure to comply to the study protocol and/or research group's recommendations (e.g. change in pump parameters, ketone measurement)
- •Inability or unwillingness to comply to safe diabetes management in the view of the study group (e.g. inappropriate treatment of hypoglycemia or lack thereof)
- •Anticipation of a significant change in exercise regimen between initiation of the intervention blocks (i.e. starting or stopping an organized sport)
- •Any demonstrate of difficulty in using the McGill Artificial Pancreas system following training, as per investigator's judgment
- •Concern for safety of the participant, as per the clinical judgment of the primary investigator
研究组 & 干预措施
Placebo + closed-loop insulin system
干预措施: 14-day outpatient intervention (Drug)
Empagliflozin 2.5 mg + closed-loop insulin system
干预措施: 14-day outpatient intervention (Drug)
Empagliflozin 5 mg + closed-loop insulin system
干预措施: 14-day outpatient intervention (Drug)
结局指标
主要结局
Percentage of time of plasma glucose levels spent in target range (placebo vs empagliflozin 2.5 mg)
时间窗: 10 days
Target range is defined to be between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L of placebo on closed-loop system vs. empagliflozin 2.5 mg ono closed-loop insulin system.
Percentage of time of plasma glucose levels spent in target range (placebo vs empagliflozin 5 mg)
时间窗: 10 days
Target range is defined to be between 3.9 and 10.0 mmol/L of placebo on closed-loop system vs. empagliflozin 5 mg ono closed-loop insulin system.
次要结局
- Percentage of time spent in the following ranges of glucose levels: above 7.8, 10, 13.9, and 16.7 mmol/L(10 days)
- Average point-of-care ketone level per intervention(10 days)
- Percentage of time spent in the following ranges of glucose levels between 3.9 and 7.8 mmol/L(10 days (for each intervention))
- Percentage of time spent in the following ranges of glucose levels: below 3.9, 3.3 and 2.8 mmol/L(10 days)
- Average glucose level(10 days)
- Percentage coefficient of variation of glucose levels(10 days)
- Total daily insulin dose(10 days)
- Quality of life measure by Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale: score is the average of 28 items from 1 to 6 (higher score indicates more emotional distress)(10 days)
- Quality of life measure by INSPIRE (Insulin delivery Systems: Perceptions, Ideas, Reflections and Expectations) questionnaire for adults: score is the average of 22 items from 1 to 5 (average of higher scorer equates to more distress)(10 days)
- Quality of life measure by Hypoglycemic Fear Survey - II: score is the average of 33 items from 1 to 5 (average of higher scorer equates to more distress)(10 days)
- Rise in ketone level between interventions(10 days)