Interventions to Teach Self-management Skills for Persisting Symptoms of COVID-19: Minimizing Impact of Symptoms on Everyday Functioning and on Healthcare Usage/utilization

Change in self-reported physician visits

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

Participants will report how many times they have visited a physician during the past month. Answers will range from 0 to 10 or more. Reduction in the number of physician visits is the desired outcome.

Change in Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

This is a 10-item questionnaire measuring level of distress based on questions about anxiety and depressive symptoms that a person has experienced in the most recent 4 week period. Participant answer experiencing each feeling from 'none of the time' (score=1) to 'all of the time' (score=5). Scores of the 10 items summed to produce a total score between 10 and 50. Low scores indicate low levels of psychological distress and high scores indicate high levels of psychological distress. Decrease in score is the better outcome.

Change in SSS-8

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Somatic Symptom Scale - 8 (SSS-8) is a brief, 8-item self-report questionnaire used to assess somatic symptom burden. Participants rate how often they experience somatic symptoms (e.g. back pain, dizziness, headaches) on a scale from 0 (Not at all to) to 4 (Very much). Scores are summed to obtain total score between 0 and 32, the higher the score, the higher the somatic symptom burden. Decrease in score is the better outcome.

Change in Perceived Medical Condition Self-Management Scale

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Perceived Medical Condition Self-Management Scale (PMCSMS) evaluates self-measured ability to manage a chronic health condition (Long COVID). Participants answer the 8 questions using a scale from 1-5, with 1 signifying "strongly disagree" and 5 signifying "strongly agree". All scores are summed to obtain a total score from 8-401 with higher ratings meaning better management. Increase in score is the better outcome.

Change in Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

TheQuality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF) is a 16 item self-administered questionnaire that captures life satisfaction over the past week. Each question is rated on a 5 point scale from 1 (Very Poor) to 5 (Very Good). Scores from the individual items are added together and reported as percentage maximum possible score. The higher the score, the better the life enjoyment and satisfaction. Increase in score is the better outcome.

Change in Adapted Illness Intrusiveness Rating

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Adapted Illness Intrusiveness Rating (AIIR) measures intrusiveness of symptoms in daily life. 13 items ask about how much Long-COVID and/or its treatment interferes with daily life on a scale of 1=not at all, to 7=very much. Scores are summed for domains of Physical Well-Being and Diet, Work and Finances, Marital, Sexual, and Family Relations, Recreation and Social Relations Items, Other Aspects of Life. The higher the total scores, the more intrusive the illness. Decrease in score is the better outcome.

Change in Brief-COPE

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Brief-COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory) is a 28 item self-report questionnaire designed to measure effective and ineffective ways to cope with a stressful life event. Total scores are presented for three overarching coping styles as average scores (sum of item scores divided by number of items), indicating the degree to which the respondent has been engaging in that coping style (scores ranging from 1-4, where the higher the score, the better the coping ability). Increase in score is the better outcome, indicating improved coping ability.

Change in LOT

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Life Orientation Test (LOT) is a 10-item scale that assesses one's dispositional level of optimism, coping and resilience. Respondents use a 5-point rating scale (0 = strongly disagree; 4 = strongly agree) to show how much they agree with 10 statements about positive and negative expectations. All scores are summed to obtain a total score from 0-24 with higher ratings meaning more optimism. Increase in score is the better outcome.

Change in the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale - 21 Items (DASS-21) measures the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. Participants rate 21 emotional states on a scale of 0-3 to indicate how much the statement applied to them over the past week, with 0=never, to 3=almost always. Scores are summed to obtain total scores for each Depression, Anxiety and Stress category ranging between 0 and 21, the higher the score, the more severe the symptoms. Decrease in score is the better outcome.

Change in Self-efficacy

时间窗: Baseline and 1-week post-intervention.

The Self-Efficacy (Ages 18+) - Item Bank/Fixed Form is part of the measures in NIH Toolbox that measures self-efficacy, or the capacity to manage functioning and have control over meaningful events. Participants rate how often they experience events on a scale of 1=never to 4=very often. Items are summed to obtain total score. The higher the number, the higher their self-efficacy. Increase in score is the better outcome