A Scaleable Video Coaching Intervention for Opioid-using Mothers

Communicative skills assessed via the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (MCDI)

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (MCDI) are parent- report instruments for assessing communicative skills in infants and toddlers. The infant form (Level I), designed for children between 8 and 18 months, contains an 89-word vocabulary checklist with separate columns for comprehension and production. There are two equivalent forms of the toddler form (Level II, Forms A and B), both designed for children between 16 and 30 months. Each form contains 100 vocabulary items. Use appropriate norming tables for girls and boys to furnish raw score values for every 5th percentile level from the 5th to the 99th rank.

Observed Parental Self-Concept

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline)

The PSET involves visual presentation of single words or short phrases in the parenting domain (e.g., kind, supportive, enforces rules) seen under two different instruction conditions. The identity condition will ask participants to indicate via a button press whether the word or phrase describes them as a parent (left index finger = yes, right index finger = no). The control condition will ask participants to indicate via a button press whether the word or phrase is a quality that can change for a parent (yes/no). Scores are percent endorsement of developmentally-supportive (DS) and developmentally-unsupportive (DU) items in each condition. The key neural contrasts are neural activation during the presentation of (a) identity \> control trials and (b) identity-yes \> identity-no trials.

Self-report of income, occupation and financial strain via the ECHO measure (Income, Occupation, Financial Strain)

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

This measure is a 9-item self-report of income, occupation and financial strain.

Coded rate of responsive caregiving via conversational turns

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

Conversational turns is a simple coding scheme designed to record timing, quantity, and length of caregiver and child utterances.

Incidence of parenting stress via the Parent Stress Index-IV

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

Items are on a 5-point scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." Higher scores indicated greater parenting stress. The measures includes three subscales and a total score: * Parental distress (12 items) sum score ranging between 12-60 * Parent-child dysfunctional interaction (12 items) sum score ranging between 12-60 * Difficult child (12 items) sum score ranging between 12-60 * Total score (36 items) sum score ranging between 36-180

Caregiver's perceived sense of competency in parenting via the Parent Sense of Competency scale (PSOC)

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) questionnaire is filled out by the caregiver to assess parents' sense of competence and enjoyment of parenting. This is an adapted version of the PSOC (original PSOC has 17 items, Johnston \& Mash, 1989), with 18 items and simplified language for lower reading levels. These items are answered on a 4-point scale ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." Scoring for some items is reversed so that, for all items, higher scores indicate greater parenting self-esteem. Nine (9) items (#s 2,3,4,5,8,9,13,15 and 17) on the PSOC are reverse coded. Subscales include: Satisfaction: Mean score of 2,3,4,5,9,13,15,17, and 18 (Range = 1-4) Efficacy: Mean score of 1,6,7,8,10,11,14, and 16 (Range = 1-4) Total Score: 18 - 72, scored responses summed

Assessment of the caregivers motivation via measurement on the Behavioral Inhibition System and Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS) scale

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The BIS/BAS Scale is a 24-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure two motivational systems: the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral activation system (BAS). Participants respond to each item using a 4-point Likert scale. The scale has four subscales. One subscale corresponds to the BIS. Seven items contribute to this score. The remaining three subscales correspond to three components of BAS. BAS Drive measures the motivation to follow one's goals. Four items contribute to this score. BAS Reward Responsiveness measures the sensitivity to pleasant reinforcers in the environment. Four items contribute to this score.

Assessment of emotional or behavioral problems in children as assessed by the SDQ-Infant questionnaire

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a brief behavioural screening questionnaire. 25 items are asked on a 3-point scale from not-true to certainly true. Followed by 5 items assessing difficulties with emotions, concentration, behavior or being able to get along with people.

Assessment of parent's warmth and hostility towards their child through the use of the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The Iowa family interaction rating scales were used to assess parent's warmth and hostility towards their partner, their perceived warmth and hostility received from their partner, and warmth and hostility towards their child. The questionnaire is divided into 3 parts; the first 10 questions ask how you have behaved towards your partner, the next 10 ask how your partner has behaved towards you, and the final 10 questions ask how you have behaved towards your child. There are 2 scales for each part of the questionnaire, warmth (6 items) and hostility (4 items). For both scales each item has a possible 7 responses. Each scale reverse scored and then summed by adding each item score, giving a possible range of 0-42 for the warmth scale and 0-28 for the hostility scale. Higher scores indicate higher levels of warmth/hostility respectively.

Measurement of Opioid Craving via Opioid Craving Scale

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The Opioid Craving Scale is a modification of the Cocaine Craving Scale (Weiss et al., 1995, 1997, 2003) used to measure opioid craving. The scale consists of three items rated on a visual analogue scale from 0-10

Measurement of social support via the Social Support Questionnaire

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

Measures social support, yielding scores for: * Perceived number of social supports * Satisfaction with social support that is available Questionnaire consists of 27 items with 2-part responses (listing the people they can turn to and rely upon and how satisfied they are with the social supports). Each item is scored based on the number of support persons listed, and the satisfaction scale scored on a scale of 1 to 6 (1 = very satisfied and 6 = very dissatisfied). The overall number and satisfaction scores are summed and divided by 27.

Self-report of commitment and support in regards to family members as assessed by the Cohesion subscale of the Family Enviornment Scale

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline) and 6 months post-endpoint

The Family Environment Scale (FES) is a self-report 90-item instrument developed to assess the social climates of families focusing on the measurement and description of interpersonal relationships among family members on the directions of personal growth and the basic organizational structure of the family. The Cohesion subscale is a 9-item scale intended to measue the degree of commitment and support that family members provide each other. Respondents rate statements on a scale from mostly true to mostly false.

Observed level of inhibitory control via the Stop Signal Task

Time Frame: Change from baseline at endpoint (3-4 months post-baseline)

Inhibitory control will be assessed by the Stop Signal Task (SST) during an MRI scan. The task speed adjusts based on performance and a single response time score will be outputted for each participant. The key neural measure is the degree of blood oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) signal during stop trials relative to go trials (i.e., the "stop \> go" contrast over the entire trial period).