A Phase I/Pilot II Trial Combining Decitabine and Vaccine Therapy for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Pediatric High Grade Gliomas, Medulloblastomas, and Central Nervous System Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (CNS PNETs)

One of the challenges of the practical application of immunotherapy for brain tumors is the lack of expression of tumor antigens as well as the down-regulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC Class I and II ) molecules, which are needed for antigen presentation. Considering the ability of 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (DAC) to facilitate the expression of cancer/testis (CT) antigens and major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC) and the fact that it has good blood brain barrier penetration, it is reasonable to test this approach in a vaccine study for patients who have experienced disease recurrence. The use of a combined approach to tumor immunotherapy - antigen upregulation followed by vaccination - has not been studied in this patient population, and there is a strong biologic rationale for this strategy.

Patients with pediatric brain tumors (medulloblastoma, CNS PNET, high grade glioma) who have experienced disease relapse or progressive refractory disease will be eligible. Each cycle will consist of DAC at low dose administered over a 5 day period, followed by two weekly vaccinations consisting of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with pooled, overlapping peptide mixes derived from full-length MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1. This dose of DAC is lower than all previously reported doses that have been safely administered in adult patients with Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and was used in a previous protocol for relapsed and refractory pediatric neuroblastoma and sarcomas. A novel way of stimulating CD4 and CD8 antigen specific T cells is to use a dendritic cells (DC) vaccine approach in which the cells are pulsed with overlapping peptides derived from these antigens, so that patients from several different HLA backgrounds can be enrolled. Overlapping peptide mixes derived from full-length NY-ESO-1, MAGE-A1, or MAGE-A3 have been acquired and consists of 15-mers, with 11 amino acid overlap. The number of DC given in our study (8-10 x 106 peptide pulsed DC) is within the range of doses given in previous studies. Vaccinations are spaced at weekly intervals, based on multiple previous studies in which this approach is taken, and the fact that in vitro re-stimulation of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) generally occurs on a weekly basis. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is given days 1 through 5 during vaccine weeks, to minimize leukopenia from DAC and to help facilitate antigen presenting cell function. The adjuvant poly-interstitial Cajal-like cell (ICLC; Hiltonol) will be injected immediately after and adjacent to DC vaccine site to enhance DC maturation. We will accrue 10 patients with relapsed, refractory, or progressive pediatric brain tumors over a 3 year period. Cycles will repeat every five weeks, for two cycles. Patients who do not have disease progression after two cycles may receive an additional two cycles of therapy.