Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in Haitian Immigrants in Chile: Determination of HBV Genotypes, Viral Escape Mutants and Host Factors Influencing Response to Vaccination

Migration from Haiti to Chile has increased exponentially in the last years. More than 200.000 people from this island are currently living in Chile. Preliminary results of the investigators group show that HIV infection and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are 2.9% and 2.4% (14 and 16 times higher than the reported prevalence in Chile), respectively, and overall HBV infection (anti-HBc antibody) is 34%. The molecular characterization of the HBV variants infecting people from Haiti has not been carried out. The current evidence suggests that HBV traveled from Africa together with the slave trade 200 to 300 years ago, with genotypes infecting Haitians resembling that of their origins, but with some striking differences, such as the presence of a recently described subtype (A5), which is now uncommon in Africa. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes may influence the emergence of specific mutations in the surface antigen region of the virus which in turn could lead to escape mutants which can infect properly vaccinated people. There is no information regarding the genotypes and escape mutants in Haitian immigrants to Chile. The most effective way to control and prevent is vaccination, but the response to vaccination varies widely in different ethnic groups, with genetic factors being relevant. Mutations in the interferon lambda 3 gene (IFNL3), previously known as interleukin 28B (IL28B) are clearly associated with lower response to interferon treatment and spontaneous clearance in hepatitis C, and clinical evolution of various viral infections. Less favorable IFNL3 mutations are especially prevalent in African descendants. The hypothesis of the project is that Haitian immigrants in Chile have a high prevalence of HBV infection with viral genotypes/mutations different from the native Chilean genotypes, which may result in a particular clinical presentation. The investigators also conjecture that the response to HBV vaccination may also differ in Haitian immigrants due to genetic variations in the IFNL3 gene. The HBV infection prevalence in this population will be estimated and the researchers will try to explain if mutations in IFNL3 increase the rate of spontaneous clearance of the infection (comparing carriers to patients who cleared the infection). They will also determine the presence of HBV DNA in all enrolled subjects to study the occurrence of occult hepatitis B (OBI), which is the presence of DNA in the absence of HBsAg. HBV DNA will be amplified and sequenced in the pre-S1, pre-S2 and S region (surface antigens) to study the presence of escape mutants. Finally, the investigators will conduct a study of vaccination of Haitian immigrants to assess the effectiveness of the vaccine in this population and determine which factors may influence vaccine response, including mutations in the IFNL3 gene. The information regarding the prevalence, epidemiology, presence of escape mutants, genetic factors influencing HBV infection and the response to the vaccine in Haitian immigrants, are critical for a better understanding of this infection and for the development of public health policies based on scientific evidence and not in political or other reasons that usually perpetuate stigma and inequalities in health care for marginalized groups.