Percutaneous Versus Transurethral Cystolithotripsy For The Management Of Bladder Calculi In The Pre-school Boys: Prospective Randomized Study

Bladder stones are typically categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary vesical stones are those not linked with urinary tract disease, and are typically found in children who experience episodes of diarrhea, as well as metabolic disorders resulting from inadequate hydration and nutrition.

Secondary bladder stones are linked to various urinary tract issues, such as obstruction at the bladder outlet, persistent infections, the presence of foreign objects, bladder diverticula, and neurological bladder problems.

The incidence of bladder stones is ten times more common in male than in female children, with children aged 1-5 years being more frequently affected, and the peak incidence occurs at 3 years of age.

The traditional treatment for bladder stones in children typically involves open cystolithotomy. The traditional open surgery has several inherent drawbacks, including a lengthy hospital stay, an unsightly suprapubic scar, the need for prolonged catheterization, the necessity for analgesic treatment, and the risk of post-operative wound infection .

Several minimally invasive treatment methods have been outlined, including transurethral cystolithotripsy (TUCL) and percutaneous cystolithotripsy (PCCL), with open cystolithotomy typically reserved for larger stones. In infants and toddlers, transurethral management bypasses abdominal invasion and its associated risks, such as paralytic ileus and fluid leakage.