Be Outspoken and Overcome Stigmatizing Thoughts (BOOST) Group for Early Psychosis

Internalized stigma, defined as the application of negative stereotypes about a diagnostic group to one's self, is a strong predictor of quality of life and recovery in schizophrenia and other psychoses, accounting for over half the variance. However, few effective interventions for self-stigma have been developed and even fewer individuals have access to these services.

Be Outspoken and Overcome Stigmatizing Thoughts (BOOST) is an evidence-based intervention developed by the research team that has significantly improved internalized stigma, self-esteem, and quality of life for young people with psychosis. This group therapy was co-created and is co-facilitated by people with lived experience with psychosis specifically for the early psychosis population. The proposed research expands this intervention by examining the efficacy of group delivery through virtual methods that could allow us to reach individuals that are unlikely to attend regular in-person sessions for a variety of reasons.

Psychotic disorders are among the most highly stigmatized mental health conditions. Over 50% of individuals with schizophrenia and other psychoses report significant internalization of these stigmatizing attitudes. Internalized stigma is defined as the application of societally held stereotypes about the illness to one's self. It is associated with a broad array of significant psychosocial consequences including reduced social functioning, isolation, and reduced rates of recovery. Internalized stigma is also associated with serious decrements in self-esteem, self-efficacy, and hope. Reducing internalized stigma has been recognized as such a critical factor in recovery from psychosis that both the World Health Organization and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence prioritize the reduction of stigma to improve recovery from psychosis.

Despite the clear importance of reducing internalized stigma in psychosis, few interventions have been developed to reduce internalized stigma about mental illness. Only a single intervention had previously been developed to specifically reduce internalized stigma among individuals in the early stages of psychosis. None of these internalized stigma interventions have demonstrated strong evidence for efficacy. The current approaches to reducing internalized stigma have focused almost exclusively on psychoeducation about psychosis, without evidence-based therapeutic techniques, and with treatment later in illness, when self-stigma has already set in. The investigators developed Be Outspoken and Overcome Stigmatizing Thoughts (BOOST), a group-based intervention integrating cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and peer support to reduce or prevent the internalization of stigma in early psychosis. Peer support is an especially important intervention for psychosis as peer support workers provide personal examples to normalize experiences that clients are having. Peer support has been demonstrated to improve social functioning and recovery for individuals with psychosis. Thus, the investigators propose that the combination of these approaches would be ideal to reduce internalized stigma.

In the initial pilot study[13], BOOST demonstrated significant improvements in internalized stigma, self-esteem, and quality of life. Despite BOOST demonstrating the largest effect size improvement on internalized stigma of any intervention currently evaluated (Cohen's d = 0.76), this was a small non-randomized sample, so the investigators would like to build the evidence base for the intervention and examine the breadth of treatment effects.