Expression of EGFR [epidermal growth factor receptor] and her2/neu [human epidermal growth factor receptor] in urinary bladder carcinoma and its Association of clinicopathological parameters

Bladder cancer, also known as urothelial carcinoma, is the ninth most common malignancy worldwide and a significant cause of cancerrelated morbidity and mortality. The disease shows a marked male predominance and is often associated with risk factors such as cigarette smoking, occupational exposure to carcinogens, chronic cystitis, and certain infections. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, recurrence and progression remain major challenges.Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor  and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2  are members of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Overexpression or amplification of these receptors has been reported in various malignancies, including urinary bladder carcinoma, and is often correlated with aggressive behavior and poor prognosis.This study aims to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of EGFR and HER2neu in urinary bladder carcinoma and to analyze their association with clinicopathological parameters such as tumor grade, stage, lymphovascular invasion, and metastasis. A cross-sectional prospective study will be conducted on histologically confirmed cases in the Department of Pathology, Maulana Azad Medical College. Findings from this study may help identify prognostic biomarkers and explore potential targeted therapeutic strategies in urinary bladder carcinoma.