Leveraging Implementation Science to Increase Access to Trauma Treatment for Incarcerated Drug Users
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Not Applicable
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- University of Arkansas
- Enrollment
- 148
- Locations
- 2
- Primary Endpoint
- Change in PTSD Symptoms by Treatment End and 3 Months Post-Release from Incarceration
Study Overview
Brief Summary
The unmet need for effective addiction treatment within the criminal justice system "represents a significant opportunity to intervene with a high-risk population" according to NIDA's 2016-2020 strategic plan. The plan also encourages the development and evaluation of implementation strategies that address the needs of the criminal justice system. The proposed research will be conducted as part of Dr. Zielinski's Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career Development Award (K23), which aims to: 1) advance knowledge on implementation of a gold-standard psychotherapy for trauma, Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), in the prison setting and 2) examine whether prison-delivered CPT reduces drug use, psychiatric symptoms, and recidivism compared to a control condition (a coping-focused therapy). These foci have been selected because severe trauma exposure, substance use, and justice-involvement overwhelmingly co-occur in prison populations. The three specific aims in this research are: 1) Use formative evaluation to identify factors that may influence implementation and uptake of CPT in prisons, 2) Adapt CPT for incarcerated drug users and develop a facilitation-based implementation guide to support its uptake, and 3) conduct a participant-randomized Hybrid II trial to assess effectiveness and implementation outcomes of CPT with incarcerated drug users. Participants will include people who have been incarcerated (pre- and post-release from incarceration) and prison stakeholders who will be purposively sampled based on their role in implementation of CPT and other programs. Anticipated enrollment across all three Aims is 244 adult men and women.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Treatment
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 18 Years to — (Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •for all participants:
- •18 years of age or older
- •Able to understand and speak English
- •Able to give informed consent
- •Inclusion criteria for key stakeholders/informants participating in Aims 1-3 (additional requirements):
- •All items listed in "Inclusion criteria for all participants"
- •Invited by the PI to participate, due to specific role within project sites (e.g., current Warden, treatment staff member, officer, study therapist)
- •Inclusion criteria for prisoners completing formative evaluation interviews in Aim 1 and pre-treatment assessments in Aim 3 (additional requirements):
- •All items listed in "Inclusion criteria for all participants"
- •Incarcerated in either East Central Arkansas Community Correction Center (ECACCC) or Northeast Arkansas Community Correction Center (NEACCC)
- •Have a pre-incarceration history of substance use disorder
- •Have a history of traumatic event exposure and self-report ongoing trauma-related difficulties
- •Be within 9 months of release from incarceration
- •Expect to reside in Arkansas throughout the study period
- •Inclusion criteria for prisoners to enroll in the Hybrid Trial in Aim 3 (additional requirements):
- •All items listed in "Inclusion criteria for all participants"
- •All items listed in "Inclusion criteria for prisoners completing pre-treatment assessments in Aim 3"
- •Evidence clinically significant PTSD symptoms during pre-treatment (baseline) assessment per the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM
- •Have a pre-incarceration history of substance use disorder (confirmed by clinical interview)
Exclusion Criteria
- •for prisoners to enroll in the Hybrid Trial in Aim 3 (additional requirements):
- •Unwilling to consent to randomization
- •Unable to provide locator information for post-release assessments
Arms & Interventions
Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)
CPT is a gold-standard evidence-based psychotherapy for PTSD that combines education about trauma with strategies to challenge the trauma-related cognitions that are theorized to maintain PTSD symptoms. It can be delivered in group and individual formats, but will be delivered in a group format in this project due to feasibility in the setting. Structure will be based on feedback obtained during completion of Aim 2 while remaining within the range evaluated in prior research (i.e., 8-12 sessions, 1-2x per week, each lasting 1.5-2 hours).
Intervention: Cognitive Processing Therapy (Behavioral)
Coping Skills Group
The Coping Skills Group will match for attention and dose, without adding any cost to the system. Exact content will be determined during completion of Aim 2; however, project sites already provide coping-focused programming and coping-skill approaches to trauma treatment are a common alternative to evidence-based therapies for PTSD, such as CPT, that deal more directly with the index trauma. To provide an enhanced standard of care, the investigator will review treatment materials (workbooks, handouts) already used in prison settings and arrange a curriculum of skills similar to those in coping-focused trauma-informed interventions (e.g., psychoeducation, assertiveness).
Intervention: Control Group (Behavioral)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Change in PTSD Symptoms by Treatment End and 3 Months Post-Release from Incarceration
Time Frame: Pre-treatment assessments will be completed within 4 weeks of treatment start. Post-treatment assessments will be completed within 2 weeks of treatment end. Post-release assessments will be completed approximately 3 months after release from prison.
PTSD symptoms will be assessed using the 20-item PTSD Checklist (PCL-5). Response options are used to indicate the severity of each PTSD symptom and range from 0 (not at all) to 4 (extremely). Total scores range from 0-80. Lower scores indicate lower levels of PTSD symptoms and therefore a better treatment outcome.
Post-Incarceration Drug Use
Time Frame: Approximately 3 months after release from incarceration
Drug use will be examined as both binary responses (abstinence vs. any use) and frequency counts (number of days of use). These variables will be derived from information gained via Timeline Follow-Back Interview.
Secondary Outcomes
- Recidivism(12 months after release from incarceration)
- Change in Depression Symptoms by Treatment End and 3 Months Post-Release from Incarceration(Pre-treatment assessments will be completed within 4 weeks of treatment start. Post-treatment assessments will be completed within 2 weeks of treatment end. Post-release assessments will be completed approximately 3 months after release from prison.)