Penequinine, Penehyclidine

C57BL/J6 male mice were used for metabolomics and isotope-labeled MTA analysis under anesthesia. MTA was injected to examine blood–brain barrier crossing. Surgery experiments exposed the left carotid artery, and MTA rescue experiments were conducted. Metabolomics processing involved LC-MS/MS, PCA, PLS-DA, and OPLS-DA. snRNA-seq libraries were generated for single-cell analysis. Joint pathway analysis used O2PLS and MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Western blotting and ELISA assessed protein and cytokine levels. Behavioral tests included open field and Barnes maze tests. A clinical investigation evaluated cognitive decline post-surgery in humans, with serum samples analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Statistical methods included Student’s t-test, ANOVA, and ROC curve analysis.